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HISTORICAL SKETCH 



WAR OF THE REBELLION, 



1861 TO 186^, 



MOVEMENTS OF THE FEDERAL AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES; 
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OP ENGAGEMENTS; RECON- 
STRUCTION PROCEEDINGS; PROCLAMATIONS, 
STATISTICAL TABLES, ETC. 



COMPILED AND EDITED BY 



EDGAR A/ WERNER. 



^■V RIGHT- ^«S*J 

n/oi ^ 



ALBANY, N. Y. : 

WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY. 
1890. 



^.^.•x 



Entered according to act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety, 

By EDGAR A. WERNER, 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



/ 



v\^ 



WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, 
PRINTERS AND ELECTROTYPE 
ALBANY, N. Y. 



CONTENTS- 



Pack. 

Secession of Soutli Carolina , 1 

Secession of Georgia, Florida and Alabama 2 

Secession of Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas 2 

Jefferson Davis elected president of the seceded States 3 

Apathy of the general government 4 

Attitude of the Border States 4 

Surrender of Fort Sumter 5 

President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops 5 

Mob attack on Federal troops at Baltimore 6 

Destruction of the Norfolk Navy Yard C 

Blockade of Southern ports 7 

Confederates attack Camp Jackson, Mo , 7 

Engagements at Rich Mountain and Laurel Hill. 8 

Assassination of Colonel Ellsworth 9 

Congress convened in extra session jq 

Forward movement of the Federal army 10 

First battle of Bull Run H 

Reorganization of the Army of the Potomac 12 

Martial law proclaimed in Missouri 12 

The Confederates invade Kentucky I3 

Capture of Confederate forts at Hatteras Inlet 13 

Engagements at Carnifex Ferry and Romney 14 

Ambuscade of Federal troops in Virginia I4 

General McClellan supersedes General Scott 15 

Federal naval expedition to Port Royal 15 

Surrender of Forts Walker and Beauregard 16 

Arrest of Messrs. Slidell and Mason 17 

The Federal army invade North Carolina 19 

Capture of Roanoke Island ... 19 

Engagement at Mill Springs, Ky 20 

Capture of Fort Henry by Federal gunbeats 20 

Evacuation of Bowling Green 21 

Bombardment and capture of Fort Donnelson 21 



IV 



Contents. 



Page. 

Surrender of Nashville 23 

Indian massacre at Pea Ridge 23 

Capture of Island Xo. 10 ... 23 

Battle of Shiloh 24 

Reorganization of the Army of Virginia 25 

Forward movement of the Federal army 25 

Engagements at Williamsburg and West Point 26 

Naval battle between the Monitor and Merrimac 26, 222 

Battle of Winchester 27 

Federal occupation of Newbern and Beaufort 28 

Operations of the Federal army in Florida 28 

Surrender of New Orleans 29 

Surrender of Memphis 30 

Retreat of the Federal army under General Banks 31 

The Federal capital in peril 32 

Corinth, Miss., abandoned by the Confederates 32 

Engagements at Seven Pines and Fair Oaks 33 

Seven days' retreat of the Army of the Potomac 34 

Engagements at Gaines' Mills and Chickahominy 34 

Battles of Savage Station and Mai vern Hill 35 

Bombardment of Vicksburg 35 

General Pope in command of the Army of Virginia 36 

Federal troops evacuate Harrison's Landing 36 

Manassas — second battle of Bull Run 37 

General Lee's army invade Maryland 37 

Engagements at South Mountain and Harper's Ferry 38 

Sharpsburg, Md., — the battle of Antietam 38 

Louisville and Cincinnati menaced 39 

Rout of the Confederates at luka 40 

President Lincoln calls for 600,000 troops 41 

Emancipation of the slaves 41 

Federal cavalry raid in Mississippi 42 

Federal brigade captured by General Morgan 43 

General McClellan superseded by General Burnside 43 

Battle at Fredericksburg 43 

The Federal army recross the Rappahannock 46 

General Banks succeeds General Butler at New Orleans 46 

Operations of the privateer " Alabama." 47 

Siege of Vicksburg 49 

General Grant assumes command in person 49 

Concentration of the Federal army at Milliken's Bend 50 

Confederates abandon Grand Gulf and Port Gibson 51 



Contents. v 

Page, 

Surrender of Vicksburg, Miss., July 4, 1863 52 

Confederate attack on Helena 53 

Evacuation of Jackson, Miss 53 

Confederates recapture Galveston 54 

Marmaduke attacks Springfield, Mo 54 

Port Hudson, La., invested by the Federal army 56 

Army of the Potomac at Chancellorsville 57 

Stonewall Jackson mortally wounded 58 

Hooker's army recross the Rappahannock • 59 

Federal cavalry raids in Virginia 59 

Grierson's cavalry raid through Mississippi 60 

Confederate attack on Cape Girardeau 61 

General Lee's army in the Shenandoah Valley 61 

President Lincoln calls for troops to repel the invasion 63 

General Meade succeeds General Hooker 62 

Battle of Gettysburg 63 

Lee's army recross the Potomac 64 

Capture of Morgan's Confederate cavalry 65 

Bombardment of Fort Sumter and Charleston 65 

Quantrell's guerillas attack Lawrence, Kansas 68 

Federal campaign in the Red River country. 68 

Confederates under Shelby invade Missouri 69 

General Lee prevented from reinforcing Bragg 70 

Lee's army recross the Rapidan 71 

The Confederates evacuate Chattanooga 71 

Battle of Chickamauga . . . , 72 

The Federal army fall back on Chattanooga 73 

General Thomas in command of the Army of the Cumberland 74 

Confederates driven from East Tennessee 75 

Forward movement of the Army of the Potomac 75 

Battles of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge 77 

General Burnside evacuates Lenoir 78 

Federal army falls back to Knoxville , 79 

Retreat of the Confederates under Lougstreet 79 

The Army of the Potomac cross the Rapidan 80 

General Banks' expedition against Texas 81 

Operations of Confederate privateers during 1863 82 

Operations of the Federal blockading fleet 83 

Engagement at Beans' Station 85 

General Averill's raid in South Western Virginia 85 

The Confederates aggressive in Tennessee 87 

Failure of General Seymour's Florida expedition.. . 87 



vi Contents. 

Page. 

Unsuccessful effort to liberate Federal prisoners 88 

General Kilpatrick's raid in Virginia 89 

Federal expedition into the Gulf States 90 

Destruction of Mobile and Ohio railroad 91 

Surrender of Fort DeRussey, La 91 

Alexandria, La., occupied by Federal forces 93 

Federal abandonment of the Red River country 93 

Lt. -General Grant in command of the Armies of the U. S 94 

Forward movement of the Army of the Potomac 95 

Battle of the Wilderness 95 

General Grant within fifteen miles of Richmond 100 

Battle of Cold Harbor 101 

Federal occupation of City Point 101 

Operations in the Shenandoah Valley 103 

General Sheridan at the gates of Richmond 103 

General Sherman's campaign against Atlanta. 104 

Confederate evacuation of Resaca, Ga 104 

Federal occupation of Kingston and Rome 105 

Capture of Pine Mountain 106 

Confederates evacuate Kenesaw Mountain 106 

The Confederate army evacuate Atlanta 108 

Admiral Farragut's fleet in Mobile bay 108 

The massacre at Fort Pillow 109 

Confederate General Morgan's last raid 110 

Confederate successes in North Carolina 110 

Battle of Monocacy Ill 

Washington threatened by the Confederates Ill 

The Federal army cross the Appomattox 112 

General Grant's campaign against Petersburg 113 

Explosion of the mine under the fortifications 114 

Confederates in possession of the Weldon railroad 116 

Battle of Hatcher's Run 117 

Operations in the Shenandoah Valley 118 

Battles of Winchester and Fisher's Hill 118 

Battle of Cedar Creek, Va., — Sheridan's ride , 119 

Confederate invasion of Missouri 120 

Sinking of the privateer Alabama 121 

Capture of the privateer Florida 121 

Destruction of the Confederate ram Albermarle 122 

Confederate attempt to recapture Atlanta 122 

Defeat of the Confederates at Franklin, Tenn 124 

Engagements at Nashville and Franklin 124 



Contents. vii 

Page. 

Defeat of tlie Confederates at Murf reesboro 125 

Sherman's March to the Sea 125 

Federal columns unite at Milledgville 127 

Federal cavalry raids in Georgia 127 

Sherman establishes communications with the Federal fleet 128 

Capture of Fort McAllister and Savannah 128 

Destruction of Pocatoligo bridge, S. C 129 

Federal cavalry raid in Mississippi, Alabama and Florida 130 

Naval expeditions against Fort Fisher 130 

Surrender of Forts Fisher and Caswell 132 

Capture of Fort Anderson and Wilmington 133 

The situation in South Carolina in 1865 133 

Confederates fall back on Columbia 134 

Burning of Columbia 134 

Destruction of the public buildings at Fayetteville 136 

The Confederates concentrate at Bentonville 136 

Junction of the Federal armies at Goldsboro 137 

The Stars and Stripes again float over Fort Sumter 137 

Sheridan sweeps the Shenandoah Valley 138 

Confederates under Lee assume the aggressive 138 

Concentration of the Federal forces under General Grant 139 

Confederate army flanked at Five Forks 140 

Capture of Fort Mahone 140 

Evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond 141 

Retreat of the Confederates under General Lee 142 

Surrender of Lee's army to General Grant 143 

Surrender of Johnston's army in North Carolina 144 

Assassination of President Lincoln 145 

Final operations in Virginia and North Carolina 145 

Suspension of hostilities in Georgia and Alabama 146 

Flight of Jefferson Davis from Richmond 146 

Capture of Jeff. Davis at Irwinsville, Ga 147 

Surrender of the last of the Confederate armies 147 

Reconstruction of the Seceded States 149 

Chronological list of engagements 164 

Naval battle between the *' Monitor " and '* Merrimac " 222 

President Lincoln's Inaugural, 1861 241 

President Lincoln's Cabinet 251 

The Confederate government 251 

Proclamation of an intention to emancipate slaves 252 

The Emancipation Proclamation 255 

End of the Rebellion proclaimed 257 



viii Contents. 

Page. 

Universal Amnesty Proclamation 2(51 

Population by States, 1850 and 1860 263 

Presidental vote of November, 1860 264 

National debt in 1865 265 

Soldiers furnislied to the Union army 267 

Fluctuations in price of gold, 1863 to 1878 268 

Gold value of Confederate currency 269 



RECORD OF THE REBELLION. 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



The Slaveholders' Rebellion, the seeds of which had been 
germinating for more than thirty years, was formally inaugu- 
rated in November, 1860. The election of Abraham Lincoln to 
the Presidency was the pretense under which the conspiracy was 
set on foot. The time was propitious. The country was virtu- 
ally without a government; those who held the reins of power, 
with few exceptions, were the master-spirits of the insurrection; 
the public funds were prostituted to the uses of treason; the 
arms of the nation had been transferred to southern depots; the 
keys of our public arsenals were in disloyal hands; our army was 
so dispersed that it could be of no assistance to the country it 
preferred to serve; our navy was absent in distant seas. The 
o-overnment was at the mercy of men who had sworn to de- 

* Secession of the State of South Carolina. 

On November 9, 1860, the shipping in Charleston harbor 
hoisted the Palmetto flag and the same day an unsuccessful at- 
tempt was made to remove the government arms to Fort Moul- 
trie. On the 10th a bill calling a State convention passed the 
Legislature of South Carolina. The Convention met at Colum- 
bia on the 17th of December, adjourned to Charleston on 
account of the small-pox, and on the 20th, passed an or- 
dinance of secession, by a unanimous vote. December 24, 1860, 
Governor Pickens issued a proclamation declaring South Caro- 
1 



2 Historical Sketch of the 

lina a '* separate, sovereign, free and independent State," 
"with the right to levy war, conchide peace," etc., etc. On 
the night of the 2Gth, Major Anderson transferred his small 
force from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, in order to strengthen 
his position, and on the following day, Fort Moultrie and other 
Federal jDossessions were seized in the name of the revolted 
State. 

Secession of Georgia, Florida and Alabama. 

In the meantime other States had prepared to follow the lead 
of South Carolina. Meetings were held in the principal cities 
of the South, and the secession of that State was celebrated by 
bonfires, the firing of cannon and other demonstrations of ap- 
proval. In Georgia secession was feebly resisted by Alexander 
H. Stephens and others; but they yielded after a brief struggle. 
The Legislature met at Milledgeville December 19th, at which 
a convention of Southern States was urged; and an address to 
the people of South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida 
issued. Januarys, 1861, Forts Pulaski and Jackson were. seized 
by order of Governor Brown; on the 16th the convention met at 
the Capitol, and on the 19th, an ordinance of secession was 
passed by a vote of 208 to 89. Subsequently the ordinance was 
signed by nearly all the members. 

Alabama and Florida were even more prompt; the former 
called a convention at Montgomery, on January 7, 1861, at which 
an ordinance of secession was passed on the 11th, by a vote of 
61 to 11, and a convention of disloyal States to meet at that 
place February 4th was recommended. The latter State held a 
convention at Tallahassee on the 3d of January; occupied some 
days in preliminary arrangements; proclaimed her '^grievances" 
in a series of resolutions on the 7th, and adopted an ordinance 
of secession on the 11th, by a vote of 62 to 7. 

Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas follow suit. 
Mississippi called a convention at Jackson, January 7, 1861; a 
committee was appointed with instructions to report, as speedily 
as possible, an ordinance providing for the immediate with- 



War of the Rebellion. 3 

drawal of the State from the Federal Union. The ordinance 

• was passed on the 9th, by a vote of 84 to 15, and on the day 

following, the forts and other government property were seized. 

Louisiana called a convention to meet at Baton Rouge Janu- 
ary 23, 1861; at which an ordinance of secession was passed the 
26th, by a vote of 113 to 17. A proposition to refer it to the 
people was voted down. Simultaneously with the passage of 
this ordinance, the United States branch mint, custom-house, 
the arsenal at Baton Rouge, Forts Jackson and St. Philip, the 
revenue cutters Eohert McClelland and Leiuis Cass and the 
marine hospital, were severally seized. 

The treachery of General Twiggs had made the work of 
treason easy in Texas. A State convention met at Galveston 
February 1, 1861, and passed an ordinance of secession, to be 
voted on by the people February 22d, aud if adopted, to take 
effect March 1st. The State was declared out of the Union 
March 4th, Governor Houston was deposed, and on March 0th 
Fort Brown surrendered by arrangement between Captain Hill 
and the Texas Commissioners. 

Jefferson Davis Elected President of the Seceded States. 

By agreement between the six seceded States, the Southern 
Congress met at Montgomery, February 4, 1861. Howell Cobb, 
late Secretary of the U. S. Treasury, presided. A '* Constitu- 
tion for the Provisional Government of the Confederate States 
of America" was formed, to ^^ continue one year from the inau- 
guration of the President, or until a permanent constitution or 
confederation between the said States shall be put in operation, 
whichsoever shall first occur." [Substantially same as the Con- 
stitution of the United States.] It was adopted February 8th, 
and on the same day Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was elected 
President, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-Presi- 
dent of the " Confederate States." On the 18th, Mr. Davis was 
inaugurated, and on the 21st, he nominated the members of his 
Cabinet. Among the acts of the Montgomery Congress was one 
declaring the establishment of the free navigation of the Missis- 



4 Historical Sketch of the 

sippi river. March 11, 1861, the permanent Constitution of the 
Confederate States of America was adopted. 

Apathy of the General Government. 

During all this time the General Government remained passive. 
The President (James Buchanan) claimed that he had no power 
to resist the rebellion, while Secretary Floyd used the War De- 
partment for the benefit of treason, and Secretary Thompson 
held the position of an acknowledged spy. The accession of 
Messrs. Dix and Holt to the places made vacant by the resigna- 
tion of those disloyal Cabinet officers, imparted new vigor to the 
Federal arm; but the conspiracy had obtained such headway, 
that they were comparatively powerless. The steamship Star of 
the West, with reinforcements for Major Anderson, was fired 
upon from Fort Moultrie and the battery at Morris Island, on 
the 9th of January, and compelled to put out to sea. Major 
Anderson demanded explanations, and was informed that the 
act had the sanction of the government of South Carolina. 

Attitude of the Border States. 
February 9, 1861, Tennessee, and on the 1st of March Mis- 
souri, voted against secession. North Carolina, Virginia, 
Maryland and Kentucky severally professed a desire to remain 
in the Union, if certain concessions were granted. Various 
plans of adjustment were proposed in Congress, the most im- 
portant of which was that proposing amendments to the Con- 
stitution declaring that slavery be prohibited in all territories 
north of 36° 30', and proteeted in all those south of that line. 
Resolutions guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any 
State of the Union passed the House by a unanimous vote. The 
report of the Committee of Thirty-three also passed both Houses 
by a constitutional majority. A Peace Conference, composed of 
delegates from some twenty States, met at Washington the 1st 
of February, and permanently organized, February 5, 1861, with 
ex-President John Tyler as Chairman. The sessions continued 
until the 27th of the month, when a plan of adjustment, similar 



War of the Rebellion. 5 

to that proposed in Congress, was agreed upon by a majority of 
the Commissioners. 

Attack upon and Capture of Fort Sumter, S. C. 
President Lincoln^s inaugural, delivered March 4, 1861, fore- 
shadowed a pacific policy, but declared an intention to assert the 
supremacy of the Constitution by *^ holding and possessing" the 
government property. The Southern Commissioners, sent to 
demand the recognition of the Confederate Government, were 
informed, on the 9tli of April, that they would not be rec- 
ognized in their official capacity. The garrison at Fort Sumter 
being in a famishing condition, an attempt was made to supply 
it with provisions. This was resisted, and General Beauregard 
received orders from the Confederate Government to reduce 
the fort. On the lltli of April he summoned Major Ander- 
son to evacuate. The latter refusing, fire was opened on Fort 
Sumter, on the morning of April 12, 1861, from Fort Moultrie 
and the adjacent batteries. The fire was returned, and the 
bombardment continued with slight intermission for thirty-four 
hours, when, the works within the fort taking fire, the feeble 
garrison was compelled to surrender. The evacuation took place 
Sunday, the 14th, when Major Anderson and his command em- 
barked for New York. The Federal force was 100, including 
laborers; that of the Confederates about 7,000. 

President Lincoln Calls for Troops to Suppress the Rebellion. 
The seizure of Fort Sumter revolutionized public sentiment in 
the North. On the 15th of April, President Lincoln issued a 
proclamation calling for 75,000 troops to suppress the rebellion, 
and ordering an extra session of Congress to meet on the 4th of 
July. The free States responded promptly, while the border slave 
States, with the exception of Delaware, denounced the proclama- 
tion as an ^^ attack upon the South.^' April 17th, \^irginia 
passed an ordinance ** repealing the ratification of the Constitu- 
tion of the United States by the State of Virginia," which action 
was subsequently ratified by a pretended vote of the people. On 
the 24th of the same month, she *' deeded " her sovereignty to the 



6 Historical Sketch of the 



(( 



Confederate States.'^ The western part of the State, however, 
repudiated the transfer, and organized a se]3arate State govern- 
ment. 

Attack upon Federal Troops passing through Baltimore, Md. 

Washington being menaced by the Confederates, troops were 
ordered to its defense as fast as they could be raised. The first 
to respond were a regiment from Pennsylvania and one from 
Massachusetts. The former, being unarmed, was driven back, 
on arriving at Baltimore; the latter was assailed on its passage 
through the city, and four of its members killed and thirty 
wounded. This occurred April 19th, the anniversary of the 
battle of Lexington. The railroad track was torn up and the 
bridges destroyed by the secessionists, from Havre de Grace to 
the city, and troops en route to the National capital were com- 
pelled to go by way of Annapolis. This condition continued 
until May 13th, when General Butler sent a detachment through 
the city, and took possession of Federal Hill. 

Destruction of the Navy Yard at Norfolk, Va. 

The rebellion in Virginia had in the meantime assumed for- 
midable proportions. A force was sent to seize Harper^'s Ferry, 
but Lieutenant Jones, commandant, being apprised of the inten- 
tion, destroyed the greater portion of the arms, fired the armory, 
and withdrew at night with his small command, making a forced 
march, arriving at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, on the morn- 
ing of April 19th. A similar attack being meditated upon Nor- 
folk Navy Yard, orders were given to load the vessels in the 
harbor with the munitions in store, and run them out; but 
before they could or would be obeyed, the channel was blocked 
with sunken vessels, and the Cumberland alone was able to get 
out to sea. To prevent their falling into the hands of the 
enemy, eleven vessels were scuttled and set on fire, and the 
buildings of the Navy Yard destroyed. The destruction, how- 
ever, was incomplete, as several of the vessels were subsequently 
raised by the Confederates and a large amounfe- of ordnance 
recovered. 



War of the Rebellion. T 

Southern Ports Blockaded. 
April 17, 18G1, Jefferson Davis proclaimed his scheme of piracy; 
on the 19th of the same month. President Lincoln issued a proc- 
lamation announcing the bloclcade of all the southern ports, 
and on the 27th, ordered the extension of the blockade to the 
ports of North Carolina and Virginia. On May 3d, he issued 
another proclamation, calling into service 42,000 volunteers, to 
serve for three years, and increasing the regular army by 22,714 
men. 

Doubtful Attitude of the Remaining Slave States. 
The rebellion spread rapidly over the remaining slave States. 
The Legislature of 'J'ennessee passed a declaration of independ- 
ence, to be submitted to the people on June 8, 1861, and a 
military league was formed with the Confederate States. The 
election in the western and central parts of the State resulted 
in a large majority for, and in the eastern counties in an equally 
large majority against, secession. 

April 18, 1861, a State Convention in Arkansas passed an 
ordinance submitting the question of secession to the people, 
and on the 6th of May, by a unanimous vote, passed an ordi- 
nance of secession, and also repealed the ordinances and laws 
by which the State became a member of the Union. 

In ]N"orth Carolina an ordinance of secession, and one ratifying 
the Provisional Government of the Confederate States, were 
passed May 21st, and a proposition to submit to the people 
defeated by a vote of 73 to 34. 

Kentucky maintained a doubtful attitude. Governor Magoffin 
refused to comply with the President's requisition for troops, 
and on the 20th of May issued a proclamation warning both tlie 
Federal and Confederate Governments, against making any occu- 
pation within the State. A similar position was taken by the 
'' Border State Convention," held at Frankfort. 

Attack on Camp Jackson, near St. Louis, Mo. 
Missouri maintained a similar attitude. The governor of that 
State, however, was deep in the councils of the Secessionists. 



8 Historical Sketch of t^e 

Troops hostile to the Government were organized, and on the 
10th of iMay, Captain Lyon, at the head of a small force, sur- 
prised and sarroLinded " Camp Jackson/' near St. Louis, and 
captured 639 prisoners, who were subsequently released on taking 
the oath of allegiance. On the return of his command to the 
city, they were set upon by the rabble, on whom they were 
compelled to fire, killing 27 persons and wounding a large 
number. On the following day, General Harney, who had been 
placed in command of the Western Department, issued a proc- 
lamation pledging himself to do all in his power to preserve the 
peace, and ordering a battalion of regulars to be placed under 
the direction of the police commissioners. He also entered into 
an agreement with the State authorities for the suspension of 
hostilities, which was violated by Governor Jackson and the Leg- 
islature. Harney was superseded, and Captain Lyon, promoted 
to the rank of General, became commander de facto. Jackson 
having failed in inducing the Federal authorities to withdraw 
their troops from the State, threw off the disguise of Unionism, 
espoused the interests of the Confederates, fled from Jefferson 
City in great haste, issued a proclamation calling for 50,000 
troops to ^' repel invasion," and joined General Price, who com- 
manded a large force in Northern Missouri. He was pursued by 
General Lyon, who gave the Confederate forces battle at Boon- 
ville, June ITth, and dispersed them after a short engagement, 
the latter leaving their dead and w^ounded on the field. 
Confederates driven from the Valley of the Kanawha. 
At the same time the war was vigorously prosecuted in Western 
Virginia. A Confederate camp, 2,000 strong, was surprised by 
two columns of Federals under Colonel Kelley, June 2d, and 
pat to flight with considerable loss, leaving their arms and equip- 
ments behind. Several minor engagements, with no decisive re- 
sults, followed. General McClellan, commander of the Depart- 
ment of Ohio, gained a series of brilliant victories. July 11, 1861, 
a body of Ohio and Lidiana troops under General Rosecrans met 
the enemy under Colonel Pegram at Rich Mountain, in which 



War of the Rebellion. 9 

60 of the latter were killed, their guns and equipage taken, and 
the remnant of the command, 600 strong, compelled to surrender 
as prisoners of war. Two days after, the enemy under General 
Garnett were overtaken near Laurel Hill by General Morris, and 
defeated with a loss stated at several hundreds, including the com- 
mander. On the 19th of the month, General McClellan an- 
nounced, in an address to his troops, that they ^*had annihilated 
two armies, killed more than 250 of the enemy, and expelled 
them from the valley of the Kanawha. " 

Assassination of Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth. 

Even graver, though less encouraging events were transpiring 
on the line of the Potomac. Virginia was first invaded by the 
Federal forces on the morning of May 24th. Shortly after mid- 
night, the N. Y. Zouaves, under the gallant Ellsworth, em- 
barked for Alexandria and effected a landing about 3 a. m. While 
the main body were removing the rails leading to the interior. 
Colonel Ellsworth, with two or three men, proceeded to the 
Marshall House to tear down a secession flag that floated above 
it. On his way down stairs he was shot dead by the proprietor, 
Jackson, who in turn was instantly killer] by Private Francis E. 
Brownell, of Troy, N. Y. On the 1st of June, Lieutenant Tomp- 
kins, at the head of a cavalry company of regulars, entered Fairfax 
Court House, engaged a large force of the enemy, and returned 
in safety with five prisoners. 

Unsuccessful Federal attack on Great Bethel, Va. 

General Banks succeeded General Butler at Fortress McHenry, 
the latter being transferred to Fortress Monroe. June 9, 1861, 
General Butler resolved to attack two Confederate forts at 
Little and Great Bethel. The expedition was under command 
of General Pierce, and set out at night. Two regiments of Col- 
onel Bendix and of Colonel Townsend fired upon each other by 
mistake, killing and wounding 21 men. Finding the first post 
deserted, they marched upon Great Bethel, when they encoun- 
tered a masked battery, which they endeavored in vain to storm. 
After fighting an hour and a half, they retired with a loss of 16 
2 



10 Historical Sketch of 'The 

killed and 34 wounded. On the 17tli of the same month. Gen- 
eral Schenck, with the First Regiment of Ohio Volunteers, made 
a reconnoissance by railroad to Vienna, W. Va. Near that place, 
at a bend in the road, a masked battery opened upon him, kill- 
ing several of his men. The Federal troops ultimately cut their 
way out of the ambuscade and returned to head-quarters, carry- 
ing their wounded with them. 

Congress Convenes in Extra Session. 
An extra session of Congress met July 4, 1861. Bills sanc- 
tioning the acts of the President, authorizing a national loan of 
$250,000,000, a direct tax of $20,000,000, amendatory of the 
tariff, increasing the military establishment of the government, 
allowing the executive to accept the services of 500,000 volun- 
teers, defining and punishing treason, confiscating the property 
of rebels, etc., etc., were passed. 

Forward Movement of the Federal Army. 

The country became impatient for more decisive movements, 
and the cry of " On to Richmond l'^ became the watchword of 
the more radical press and politicians. The Cabinet was di- 
vided. General Scott was overruled, and the order for the ad- 
vance of the '^^ Grand Army " upon the Confederate caj^ital was 
given. General Patterson, who crossed the Potomac above 
Harper's Ferry, July 2d, with a force of some 32,000 men, was 
directed to follow up the Confederate forces under General 
Johnston, and prevent their junction with the main body sta- 
tioned at Manassas This order he neglected to obey. General 
McDowell crossed the Potomac July 7, 1861, and on the night 
of the 16th, left Arlington on the fatal expedition against Rich- 
mond. His army, consisting of some 42,000 men, marched with- 
out opposition upon Fairfax Court House. His design was to 
reach Centreville, on the 17th, and give the enemy battle on the 
19th, but a delay of two full days was caused by obstructions, 
the condition of the men, etc. 



War of the Rebellion. 11 

The First Battle of Bull Run, Va. 
On the 18tli, a division of the Grand Army under General 
Tyler, having advanced some three miles beyond Centreville, 
were suddenly opposed by a number of masked batteries on 
the opposite side of Bull Run creek, which they endeavored 
in vain to storm. After a sharp engagement, the Federal 
troops retired with considerable loss. On the morning of 
the 21st, the attack was renewed. The division under Gen- 
eral Tyler opened fire at half-past six A. m., on the enemy's 
batteries, but the latter did not respond. General Hunter in 
the meantime advanced with a view to gain the rear of the 
hostile batteries, but found the distance greater than he had sup- 
posed. He crossed Blackburn's Ford, and reinforced by Heint- 
zelman's division, advanced toward the Warrington turnpike, 
while Tyler fired upon the bodies of the enemy who were ad- 
vancing in front of him upon the troops who had just crossed. 
The main scene of action occurred on the west side of Bull Run, 
between Sudley Springs and the Warrington turnpike. 

The Confederates Reinforced by General Johnston. 
The Confederates were gradually driven back for a mile and 
a half beyond the road, when they were reinforced by General 
Johnston, who arrived by a forced march from Winchester. 
The fresh troops threw themselves into the woods on the Union 
right, and drove back the Federal forces, who were exhausted 
with six hours' fighting. A panic commencing among the Fed- 
eral teamsters, soon communicated itself to the soldiers, and the 
retreat degenerated into a disgraceful rout. Efforts were made 
to check the flying forces, but in vain; and the wreck of the 
*^ Grand Army^' arrived in Washington the following day. 
The Fourth Pennsylvania and the battery of volunteer artillery 
of the Eighth New York militia, whose time expired on the day 
of battle, '' moved to the rear to the music of the enemifs cannon ! " 
The number of Federal troops who crossed Bull Run and were 
thus actively engaged, was 18,000, and the loss was as follows: 
Officers, 19 killed and 61 wounded; privates 462 killed and 9-17 



12 HisTOEicAL Sketch of the 

wounded; total, 481 killed tind 1,011 wounded. The number of 
prisoners, " missing," etc., was 1,460. The loss of arms, etc., 
was 17 rifled cannon, 8 smooth-bores, 2,500 muskets, 8,000 
knapsacks and blankets. 

Reorganization of the Army of the Potomac. 

General McClellan was immediately summoned to Washing- 
ton, placed in command of the forces on the Potomac, and set 
to work to reorganize the demoralized army. Orders for fresh 
troops were issued to the Governors of the different States, and 
the places of the regiments whose time had expired were soon 
filled. 

In the meantime the rebellion had assumed formidable propor- 
tions in Missouri. Colonel Franz Siegel met the Confederates 
under General Rains near Carthage, July 5th, and gained a de- 
cided advantage against overwhelming odds, after which he re- 
treated to Springfield, toward which General Lyon was advancing. 
The latter learning that General McCulloch was marching from 
the south at the head of a large army, resolved to give him bat- 
tle, and on the evening of August 9th, at the head of 5,500 
troops, marched out to meet him. Having asked in vain for 
reinforcements, he went into the battle with the firm conviction 
that he should fall. He engaged the enemy next morning a few 
miles from the city, fought with rare courage, and fell early in 
the action. Siegel took command and slowly retreated, first to 
Springfield and then to Rolla. The enemy were too much cut up 
to pursue. The Federal loss was 223 killed, 721 wonnded and 
291 missing. Confederate loss 265 killed and 800 wounded. 

General Fremont Proclaims Martial Law in Missouri. 

General Fremont, having assumed command of the Western 
Department, proclaimed martial law in St. Louis, August 14, 
1861, and on the 31st of the month, issued a proclamation 
placing the State under martial law, declaring that all persons 
found with arms in their hands against the government within 
the military lines should be shot, and granting freedom to the 
slaves of rebels. The proclamation was subsequently modified 



War of the Rebellion. 13 

by order of the President, so as to conform to the act of Con- 
gress respecting the confiscation of rebel property. Several 
minor battles were fought, with various success, General Lane 
gaining considerable victories on the western border. General 
Price advanced north-west with a force of some 25,000 Confeder- 
ates, and, on the 12th of September, appeared before Lexing- 
ton, which was defended by Colonel Mulligan with a force of 
3,500 men. The siege continued until the 20th, when Colonel 
Mulligan despairing of reinforcements, was forced to surrender. 
The Federal loss in killed and wounded was about 150. 
The Confederate Forces Invade Kentucky. 
September 4, 1861, Kentucky was invaded by the Confederate 
forces under General Polk, who occupied Columbus. The Legis- 
lature passed resolutions directing the Governor to use military 
force to repel the invasion. General Anderson was appointed to 
the command of the Federal forces, but on account of ill health 
subsequently resigned in favor of General Sherman. Fresh 
troops under Generals Buckner and Zollicoffer poured in from the 
south, and the Cumberland Gap and other strong points were 
occupied, on the ground that the safety of Tennessee demanded 
it ! Several arrests were made, among others that of James B. 
Clay and ex-Governor Morehead. Ex-Vice-President Brecken- 
ridge sought safety in flight. 

Capture of Confederate Forts at Hatteras Inlet, N. C. 

August 27, 1861, a fleet of seven vessels, with several trans- 
ports, under Commodore Stringham, and a force of some 800 men 
under General Butler, sailed from Fortress Monroe; they ar- 
rived off Hatteras Inlet on the afternoon of the 29th, when 315 
troops were landed during a severe gale. On the following 
morning our war ships commenced shelling the Confederate 
forts. The action lasted some three hours, when the enemy 
lowered his colors, and our soldiers marched upon the works at 
double quick. Commodore Barron, the Confederate commander, 
surrendered unconditionally, together with his forces to the 
number of 715. On the 7th of October, the Confederates, with 



M Historical Sketch of ibe 

6 steamers and 3,000 troops, attempted to retake the forts, but 
were repulsed with considerable loss. 

Federal Victory at Carnifex Ferry. 

On the 10th of September, General Rosecrans met General 
Floyd, at Carnifex Ferry, and put his forces to rout, with heavy 
'loss. The Federal loss was 16 killed and 102 wounded. On the 
23rd of the same month, General Kelley attacked the enemy in 
large force, at Romney, defeated them after a short engagement, 
killed 35, with a loss of 3 killed on his own side, and took all 
the enemy's cannon. Several other skirmishes occurred, but 
with no decisive results. 

The night of October 9th, the Confederates landed, with 
some 900 men, on Santa Rosa Island, Fla., and attacked Wil- 
son's Zouaves, whom they surprised, and a part of whose 
camps they destroyed. They were met by a small force of 
regulars and put to flight, with terrible slaughter. Before they 
could embark, 350 of their number were killed or wounded. 

On the night of October 12th, Captain Hollins attacked our 
blockading squadron at the head of the passes of the Mississippi. 
He ran his ^^ turtle '' shij) by accident into the Vincennes, cut- 
ting a hole in her side, but not seriously injuring her, and dis- 
abling his own vessel. One or two of our ships grounded, but 
were got off without much difficulty. 

Ambuscade of Federal Troops in Virginia. 

October 21, 1861, portions of the Massachusetts Fifteenth and 
Twentieth the '^California'' and Tammany regiments, under 
command of General Edward D. Baker, crossed the Potomac at 
Edward's Ferry, and ascended BalFs Bluff on the Virginia side. 
They were surprised by the enemy, from 7,000 to 10,000 strong, 
who were in ambush, when a desperate battle ensued. General 
Baker fell, mortally wounded, at an early stage of the engage- 
ment, when Colonel Cogswell, of the Tammany regiment, as- 
sumed command. The Federal troops, yielding to superior 
numbers, retreated to the river, and succeeded, some by cross- 
ing upon a skiff, but the greatest number by swimming, in 



War of the Eebellion. 15 

reaching an adjacent island. Many were, however, drowned in 
the effort to escape. Federal loss estimated at killed, 223; 
wounded, 226; missing, 445. The Confederate loss was 36 
killed, and 264 wounded. 

General McClellan supersedes General Scott. 

On October 31, 1861, G-eneral Scott resigned as Commander- 
in-Chief of the Federal army, on account of old age and its at- 
tendant infirmities, and was succeeded by General George B. 
McClellan. General Scott a few days after sailed for Europe. 

At the same time, affairs in Missouri bore a gloomy aspect. 
Charges of extravagance and incompetency were preferred against 
General Fremont. The Secretary of War, accompanied by Ad- 
jutant-General Thomas, visited that State for the purpose of in- 
vestigating the conduct of the Western Department; the result 
of which was a report by the latter, severely censuring General 
Fremont. The '^Pathfinder" was in the meantime pursuing 
General Price. October 25, 1861, his body guard, 150 strong, 
and White's Prairie Scouts, made a sudden advance upon 
Springfield, and put 2,000 Confederates to flight, with a loss of 
but 18 killed, 27 wounded, and 10 missing. The Confederate 
loss was 106 killed. Four days later. General Fremont entered 
the town at the head of his army. On the 1st of November, he 
received the order for his removal; but did not j^i'oclaim it 
until two days later. He was superseded by General Hunter, 
who in turn was superseded by General Halleck. 

A Naval Expedition Sails for Port Royal, S. O. 

October 29, 1861, the great naval expedition, which had been 
fitting out for several weeks, sailed for the southern coast. It 
consisted of seventy-five vessels of various sizes and descrip- 
tions, and 15,000 troops; the former under command of Com- 
modore Dupont; the latter under command of General Sher- 
man. It encountered two heavy gales, one off Hatteras and 
the other off Charleston, during which the Union, Osceola and 
one or two smaller vessels were lost. The expedition arrived at 
Port Royal, South Carolina, November 4th, when it was greeted 



16 Historical Sketch of the 

by Commodore Tatnall and his mosquito fleet; which soon with- 
drew in disgust. On the following day, Commodore Tatnall 
renewed his ^'attack/' but a few shots from our big guns ef- 
fectually disposed of him. The 6th, the weather being stormy, 
nothing was done. 

Surrender of Forts Walker and Beauregard. 
On the morning of November 7th, Commodore Dupont en- 
gaged the Confederate forts, Beauregard, of 32 guns, and 
Walker, of 15 guns; the Wabash leading the way, and the other 
war ships and gunboats following. The batteries from the shore 
replied with spirit. The action commenced at twenty min- 
utes past nine, A. m., and lasted until half-past two, p. M., 
when the batteries were silenced, the forts evacuated, and the 
Stars and Stripes planted on South Carolina soil. Soon after, 
the Seventh Connecticut regiment landed and took possession of 
Fort Walker; and on the following morning our flag waved over 
Fort Beauregard. Beaufort was also temporarily occupied, the 
whole white population, with the exception of one man, having 
fled. The Confederate troops, estimated at full 5,000, retreated 
before the Federal troops could land, leaving arms, baggage, 
and personal valuables behind. The Federal loss was 8 killed 
and 23 wounded. Simultaneously with this, our troops gained 
a brilliant success in Eastern Kentucky. At Prestonburgh our 
army divided into two columns: one under Colonel Sill, and the 
other under General Nelson; the former had several successful 
skirmishes, and a more serious engagement at Piketown, where 
he attacked the enemy in the rear, and put him to flight. The 
latter met the Confederates at Ivy Creek, and gained a victorv 
over them ; killing 18, wounding 45, and capturing 200 
prisoners. 

Repulse of Federal Troops at Belmont, Mo. 

On the night of the 6th of November, an expedition some 
6,000 strong, under command of Generals Grant and McCler- 
nand, left Cairo for the South. On the morning of the 
following day, they arrived at Belmont, Mo. (nearly opposite 



War of the Rebellion. 17 

Columbus, Ky.), where they encountered the enemy, in Lirge 
force. The latter, after a spirited engagement, were driven from 
their position, their camp, 12 pieces of artillery, a large amount 
of arms, ammunition, stores, etc., etc., and 300 prisoners taken. 
The Confederates being reinforced, the battle w^as renewed; our 
troops were attacked while embarking, and a fearful slaughter, 
on both sides, ensued. The Federal loss Avas: killed, 90; 
wounded, 173; missing, 235. The loss of the enemy was 261 
killed, -427 wounded, and 278 missing. 

Arrest of Confederate Ministers Slidell and Mason. 

November 8, 1861, Commodore Wilkes captured Messrs. Sli- 
dell and Mason, Confederate Plenipotentiaries to France and 
England. Stopping at Havana, on his return from the African 
coast, and learning of their intended departure from that port, 
in the British mail steamer Trent, he determined to intercept 
them. Overtaking them in the straits of the Bahamas, he 
brought the ship to, by a gun across her bow, arrested the 
"Ministers" and their secretaries, and arrived at Fortress Mon- 
roe with his prisoners. Agreeably to orders from Washington, 
he sailed for Boston with his distinguished prisoners, where he 
consigned them to the hospitalities of the Commandant of Fort 
Warren. On December 26th, Secretary Seward announced to 
Lord Lyons the determination of the Federal government to 
accede to the demand of England for their surrender. 

November 18, 1861, the Virginia '^^ Peninsula" (Accomac and 
Northampton) was occupied by our troops, 3,000 Confederates 
were dispersed, and the supremacy of the Federal authority as- 
serted. 

November 23, Colonel Brown, commander at Fort Pickens, 
opened fire upon the Confederates under General Bragg. He 
was assisted by the war ships Niagara and Richmond. The fir- 
ing continued all day, and was rencAved the following day. Fort 
McRea was honeycombed, Warrington was nearly destroyed, and 
the Pensacola navy yard partially burned. Federal loss, 5 killed 
and 7 wounded. That of the enemy, 5 killed and 23 wounded. 
3 



18 Historical Sketch os the 

The Confederates Driven out of Western Virginia. 

December 13, 1861, 750 Federal troops under Colonel Milroy 
engaged the enemy, nearly 2,000 strong, at Camp Alleghany, 
Western Virginia, and after a short but desperate engagement, 
put them to rout, killing and wounding 116. By this action 
the Confederates were finally driven out of Western Virginia. 

December 17, a regiment of Indiana troops under Colonel 
Mellick, attacked a regiment of Texan Rangers at Green Eiver, 
Ky. The engagement lasted over two hours, when the latter 
fled, leaving 33 of their dead on the field. Our loss was 10 killed 
and 22 wounded. 

December 12, General Pope surprised a Confederate camp near 
Clinton, Mo., broke it up, took 250 prisoners, 70 wagons filled 
with clothing and other valuable trophies. On December 18th, 
another division of his army, under Colonel Davis, surprised 
another camp near Milford in the same State, took 1,300 pris- 
oners, 1,000 stand of arms, 55 wagons, a large number of tents, 
several hundred horses, etc. 

December 20, General Ord's brigade of the Army of the 
Potomac engaged the enemy near Drainesville, Va., and gained a 
brilliant victory over them. Our loss was 7 killed and 61 
wounded; that of the enemy 43 killed, and 143 wounded. 
The Situation at the Opening of 1862. 

The Potomac was blockaded tind the enemy still continued 
more or less indirectly to menace Washington. They occupied 
Manassas, the peninsula above Fortress Monroe, Thoroughfare 
Gap. and the other keys to the Shenandoah Valley. In the 
West they were still aggressive. They occupied Southern and 
Southwestern Kentucky; held Bowling Green and Cumber- 
land Gap; dominated over the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, 
and held our flotilla at bay at Columbus. They were mas- 
ters of the entire southern coast with the exceiDtion of Port 
Royal, Fort Pickens, Ship Island, and one or two insignificant 
points on the Eastern Florida coast. 



War of the Rebellion. 19 

The Federal Army Invade North Carolina. 

The government was, however, making gigantic preparations 
to assume tlie aggressive, both by land and sea. General 
McClellan was slowly perfecting his scheme of conquest against 
Virginia; General Halleck was weaving a web of strategy in the 
West; General Burnside was preparing to invade the North Car- 
olina coast. January 12, 1862, the latter sailed for Hampton 
Roads with a large fleet and a land force of from 16,000 to 
18,000. Its destination, kept a profound secret until after it 
had departed, was found to be Pamlico Sound, by way of Hat- 
teras Inlet. The expedition encountered fearful storms. Some 
of the vessels were found to be of so heavy draft as to be unable 
to cross the bar. The New York, with a large quantity of arms, 
stores, etc., was totally wrecked; while the Pocahontas shared a 
similar fate, 75 horses being drowned on board the latter. 
Many days were consumed in getting the fleet into the sound. 
Investment and Capture of Roanoke Island, N. C. 

On the 7th of February, 1862, an attack was commenced on 
Roanoke Island, N. C, which was strongly fortified by the enemy, 
and garrisoned by some 4,000 troops, under command of General 
Henry A. Wise. The attack was opened by gunboats, which bom- 
barded the forts, while the troops landed beyond the reach of their 
guns. On the morning of the 8th the attack was resumed in earn- 
est. The Federal land forces, commanded by Generals Foster, 
Parks and Reno, marched through a swamp upon the enemy's in- 
trenchments, suffering considerable loss. The intrenchments 
w^ere carried by storm, the Confederates abandoning them and 
running toward the upper end of the island hotly pursued by the 
Federal forces. There being no means of escape, they uncondi- 
tionally surrendered to the number of 2,527. The Federal loss 
was 35 killed and 200 wounded; that of the enemy was less as 
they fought under cover. Among their killed was Captain 0. 
Jennings Wise, editor of the Richmond Enquirer. The Confed- 
erate commander made a lamentable exhibition of cowardice, 
feigning sickness, skedaddling to Nag's Head, and subsequently 



20 PIlSTOKICAL SkETCFI OF THE 

** making a masterly retreat " toward Richmond. On the fol- 
lowing day a portion of our fleet pursued the Confederate flotilla 
as far as Elizabeth City, where the latter, under command of 
Commodore Lynch was overhauled, and four gunboats destroyed. 
Edenton, Elizabeth City and other towns in North Carolina 
were subsequently occupied by the Federal forces. 

Federal Bayonet Charge at Mill Springs, Ky. 

Simultaneously with these brilliant triumphs, operations even 
on a grander scale were going on in the Southwest. On the 19th of 
January, 1862, the Federal forces, under General Thomas, met 
the enemy under ZoUicoffer, at Mill Springs, Ky., on the Cum- 
berland river. The action commenced at day-break and lasted 
until afternoon, when our troops, making a bayonet charge, the 
enemy broke and fled in confusion behind their intrenchments. 
They escaped across the river under cover of the darkness. Our 
loss was only 38 killed and 194 wounded. The enemy left 115 
dead on the field, including their commanding general, F. K. 
Zollicoffer. The Confederate loss was 190 killed and 160 
wounded. The Federal forces captured 10 cannon with cais- 
sons filled with ammunition, 100 wagons, 1,200 horses and 
mules, and a large amount of small arms, ammunition, etc. 

Capture of Fort Henry by Federal Gunboats. 
On the 6th of February Fort Henry, on the Tennessee river, 
was attacked by our flotilla under command of Commodore 
Foote. This fort mounted 17 guns and 10 mortars, but was oc- 
cupied by only a sufficient number of men to work the guns. 
On a hill were encamped some 5,000 troops, who fled on the ap- 
proach of the Federal forces, and succeeded in reaching Fort 
Donnelson, some fifteen miles distant. Our land forces, who had 
disembarked some distance below, did not arrive in time to par- 
ticipate in the engagement, and the victory was therefore wholly 
a naval one. After a short but vigorous bombardment. General 
Tighlman and 60 men surrendered, and the Stars cind Stripes 
were planted on the soil of Tennessee. The only casualty on 
our side was the disabling of the gunboat Essex and the scald- 



War of the Rebellion. 21 

ing a few persons to death. After the capture, three or four 
gunboats ascended the river as far as Florence, Alabama. They 
captured two steamers and a gunboat while the enemy burned 
six steamers loaded with staves to prevent their falling into our 
hands. 

The Confederates Forces Evacuate Bowling Green, Ky. 

The enemy, who, to the number of 90,000 occupied Bowling 
Green, being menaced by General Buell from the north, and by 
Generals Grant and McClernand from the soath, evacuated this 
famous stronghold, and fell back rapidly toward Tennessee. A 
portion of them at least were supposed to make an attempt to 
reinforce Fort Donnelson, while another jDortion hurried to the 
defense of Nashville. 

Bombardment of Fort Donnelson, Tenn. 

But the tide of success had set m favor of the Union armies. 
General Grant left Fort Henry on the 12th of February, with a 
large force divided into two divisions, while six regiments had 
accompanied our flotilla up the river. The fort was garrisoned 
by 20,000 troops, under the command respectively of Generals 
Buckner, Pillow and Floyd. It was invested by land on the 
12th, and on the following day occasional skirmishing took place. 
The gunboats, six in number, commanded by Commodore Foote, 
commenced a vigorous bombardment on the 11th. The water 
batteries were soon silenced; but not until the steering apparatus 
of two of our gunboats were shot away, and severe injuries had 
been inflicted upon the others. The attack by water was found 
to be impracticable owing to the great elevation of the works; 
and tlie disableii vessels were sent to Cairo for repairs. 

Temporary Success of the Confederate Sortie. 

The enemy, chafing under their confinement, sallied forth 
from their intrenchments on the morning of the 15th, making 
a vigorous attack upon McClernand's division, which formed the 
right of our army. The Federal forces were 23ressed back for a 
time and one or two of their batteries temporarily taken. The 
Union left, under General Smith, was at this critical moment 



22 IliSTOKicAL Sketch of the 

ordered to attack the enemy^s intrenchments. Those were after 
an obstinate resistance carried, our right again assumed the 
offensive, the lost ground was regained, the captured batteries 
were recovered, the enemy were driven back within their lines, 
and our forces obtained a commanding position, when darkness 
put a period to the work of carnage. 

Unconditional Surrender of Port Donuelson. 

The next morning the Union forces made a simultaneous ad- 
yance from all j^oints, when a flag of truce came from General 
Buckner, proposing a conditional surrender. General Grant 
declined the modest proffer and demanded that it should be un- 
conditional. The Confederate general, after protesting against 
the conditions as '' ungenerous and unchivalrous '^ submitted 
to the fortunes of war. Fourteen thousand of the enemy 
laid down their arms — Generals Pillow and Floyd, accompanied 
by 5,000 troops, having deserted their comrades and ran away 
during the night. The Federal loss was 446 killed, 1,735 
wounded, and 150 missing; that of the Confederates was 231 
killed, 1,007 wounded and 13,829 prisoners. 

The Federal Forces occupy Nashville, Tenn. 

This signal victory created the most unbounded enthusiasm 
at the North and the wildest consternation at the South. Com- 
modore Foote, taking advantage of the panic existing among the 
enemy, pushed up the river with five gunboats, reached Clarks- 
ville, where the Confederates were supposed to be in large force 
and occujDied it. The enemy had in the meantime fallen back 
upon Nashville, where it was said the '^last ditch ^^ was to be 
dug. Our forces now appeared against the city from two direc- 
tions: General Buell from Bowling Green, and General Nelson, 
with steamers up the Cumberland. The Governor and Legisla- 
ture immediately left for Memphis, as well as many of the more 
prominent citizens. The gunboats in process of construction, 
and the railroad bridges north of the city were destroyed. On 
the 23d the advance of General Buell appeared opj^osite the 
city; Nelson and his column arrived a few hours later. A con- 



War of the Rebellion. 23 

ference with the local authorities was had on the 25th, resulting 
in an agreement on terms for formal surrender. On the^ day 
following, the mayor issued a proclamation, urging the citizens 
to resume their usual avocations. 

Indian Massacre at Pea Ridge, Ark. 
While these brilliant victories were succeeding each other 
with such marvelous rapidity in Tennessee, our arms were no 
less successful west of the Mississippi. General Curtiss marched 
against Price, who occupied Springfield, surprised and put him 
to rout, pursued him over the line into Arkansas, and defeated 
him in several minor engagements. The latter, reinforced by 
McCulloch, Van Dorn and Pike, who commanded a brigade of 
savages, made a stand at Pea Ridge, Ark. A desperate battle, 
lasting three days and resultiug in a decisive Federal victory, was 
fought. The action commenced March 6th, when the enemy at- 
tacked our right and rear. Next morning our center made the 
attack, while the enemy vigorously assailed our right, the fight 
lasting all day at these points. At the close of the day the Fed- 
eral army had a decided advantage. On the morning of the 8tb, 
General Curtiss changed his front so as to face the enemy; Gen- 
eral Siegel drove him from the heights, our center and right 
pushed forward, driving his left and cross firing on his center. 
His front was broken and he was driven in confusion through 
the defiles of ^^cross-timbers." The fight was in some respects 
the most desperate of the war. The Indians scalped many of 
our men, and becoming frenzied with the sight of blood, are 
said to have turned upon their white allies and committed in- 
discriminate slaughter. General McCulloch and a large number 
of prominent Confederate officers fell. The Federal loss was 
203 killed, 972 wounded and 174 missing; that of the enemy was 
1,100 killed, 2,500 wounded, 1,600 captured and missing. 
Capture of Island No. 10, Tenn. 
Meanwhile our flotilla and forces designed for the conquest of 
the Mississippi were active. March 2, 1862, Commodore Foote 
made a reconnoissance to Columbus, where the enemy were 



24: Historical Sketch of ^ he 

strongly fortified, and moved against it on the 4th, for the pur- 
pose of attacking it. The enemy had, however, evacuated it 
and fallen back on Island No. 10, forty-five miles below. Gen- 
eral Pope, anticipating this, had made a forced march from 
Hannibal to New Madrid, a few miles below this island, where, 
after a severe engagement, he established batteries and prepared 
to prevent the retreat of the enemy toward Memphis. The in- 
vestment of the island by the Federal fleet commenced March 
16t]i; on the 20th, Commodore Foote telegraphed ^^that it was 
harder to take than Columbus.^^ Still our forces ^'made haste 
slowly.^^ A canal through a swamp on the main land west of 
the island, by which a part of our gunboats could pass below it 
and the passage of the river from the Missouri to the Kentucky 
shore was cut under direction of Colonel Bissell. General 
Pope also phinted his batteries so as to cut off all access by the 
river from below. The Confederate gunboats made various at- 
tempts to silence or run them, but failed. The investment be- 
ing thus completed, preparations for an assault were made, when, 
at midnight on April 7th, two Confederate officers boarded our 
boats with offers to surrender the island to Commodore Foote. 
Early next morning our forces landed, but found most of the 
enemy had fled to the mainland. They were, however, pursued 
and headed off, from 3,000 to 4,000 prisoners taken, and 100 
siege pieces, several field joieces, and an immense quantity of 
small arms captured. 

The Battle at Shiloh, Tenn. 
Almost simultaneously with this a great battle was fought at 
Shiloh, on the shores of the Tennessee river. The enemy, after 
the capture of Nashville, retreated toward the south-west, estab- 
lished themselves at Corinth, Avhere they w^ere largely reinforced 
and where they prepared to make a stand. Our advance under 
General Grant, which had pursued them as far as Pittsburg 
Landing, w\as attacked by the combined Confederate forces 
under Generals Beauregard and Sidney Johnson, on Sunday 
morning, April 6th. The battle raged with terrific violence for 



War of the Rebellion. 25 

many hours. Our forces, borne down by superior numbers, 
gradually retreated toward the river, when our gunboats opened 
fire upon the advancing foe, and thus saved us from utter rout. 
General Buel arrived in the evening, immediately crossed the 
river, and our army thus reinforced assumed the offensive the 
following morning," the partial disaster of the day before was re- 
trieved and a brilliant victory won. The enemy were driven 
back to Corinth; General Johnson was killed and General Beau- 
regard wounded in the arm. Our loss w\is 1,735 killed, 7,882 
wounded, and 3,956 (consisting of the brigade of General Pren- 
tiss, captured by the enemy on the 6th) '' missing." That of 
the Confederates was 1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, and 959 cap- 
tured. 

Re-organization of the " Army of Virginia." 
Operations in Virginia, which had been partially suspended 
during the winter, were in the meantime resumed. March 8, 
1862, the President issued an order directing the general com- 
manding to organize the ^^ Army of Virginia" into four corps. 
On the 11th, another order was issued relieving General McClel- 
lan from supreme command, and limiting his jurisdiction to 
operations in the field. The advance of the Federal forces from 
Washington commenced March 6th, it having been ascertained 
that the enemy were falling back from their position at Centre- 
ville. The latter evacuated Manassas before the arrival of our 
forces— their extreme rear guard having left but a few hours 
before the arrival of our advance. They had succeeded in carry- 
ing pretty much every thing away, and what they could not bear 
off, they burned. T\\i pursuit was continued a short distance and 
then abandoned, and our forces returned toward Washington. 

The Federal Army Move " On to Richmond." 

It was originally determined by General McClellan to attack 
Richmond from two points, directly in front and indirectly by 
way of James river. McClellan embarked at Alexandria, with an 
army variously estimated at from 90,000 to 120,000 men; went 
down the Potomac on steamers or transports; landed at Fortress 
4 



26 HiSTOKiCAL Sketch of the 

Monroe, and pnshed for Yorktown, which he reached April 4th. 
This phace was strongly fortified, and garrisoned b}^ a considerable 
force under General Magruder. The attack was opened on the 
5th, and the work of investment vigorously commenced. While 
the work was progressing, several sharp skirmishes occurred, the 
most important of which took place at Lee's Mills, on the 16th, 
when the Vermont brigade charged on the enemy's intrench- 
ment, carried and held it against overwhelming odds, but were 
forced to abandon it, after a loss of 35 killed and 120 wounded. 
The approaches to the phice were finished on the 6th of May, 
and preparations for a vigorous attack made. During the night, 
however, the enemy evacuated it, leaving behind 70 heavy guns 
and a large amount of stores and camp equipage. 
Federal Victory at Williamsburg, Va. 

They fell back to Williamsburg, their rear closely pressed by 
our forces. Here they made a stand, and a sharj) engagement 
occurred, resulting in a brilliant Federal success, and a pledge 
by General McClellan that he would *^ Drive the enemy to the 
wall." The Federal loss was 456 killed, 1,400 wounded and 372 
missing. That of the enemy, 1,000 killed, wounded and prison- 
ers. Another sanguinary engagement occurred at West Point — 
an engagement that at one time threatened to prove a disaster, 
but which finally resulted in our favor. The Confederates ul- 
timately succeeded in making good their retreat toward Rich- 
mond. Our troops followed, but, owing to the bad condition of 
the roads, made comparatively slow progress. 

Naval Engagement at ^ampton ^oads, Va, 

Other events equally thrilling, if not equally momentous in 
their results, signalized the war in the extreme East. The 
steam frigate Merrimac, converted into an anomalous sea mon- 
ster, suddenly made her appearance in Hampton Roads, March 
8, 1862. Several Federal war ships lay at anchor, among them 
the Minnesota and Cumberland. After firing a shot which killed 
five men, she ran into the latter. The ill-fated vessel fought 
nobly for a time, but being virtually " stove ih,'^ soon began to 



War of the Rebellion. 2T 

sink, and went down with a large number of persons on board. 
The monster then attacked the Congress, and after half an 
hour's sharp contest, in which the latter was riddled with shot, 
compelled her to strike her colors. After being run ashore, she 
was burned t(5 the water's edge. The Minnesota, on trying to 
come to the rescue of her unfortunate sisters, ran aground, but 
night coming on, the unequal contest was suspended. 

The " Monitor " Attacks the " Merrimac." 

The rest of our fleet bid fair to be destroyed the following day; 
but providentially the iron-clad Monitor' arrived during the 
night, and next morning boldly attacked the Merrimac. A 
fight without a parallel in naval warfare ensued. It lasted five 
hours. The combatants frequently ran into each other with all 
their force, and hammered away at each other with murderous 
violence. The Monitor was struck more than twenty times by 
balls, without material injury; while the Merrimac was so badly 
disabled that she had to put back to Norfolk for repairs. Our 
loss during the two days was 369, of whom 136 were killed, 
wounded or drowned, on board the Congress; while nearly an 
equal number perished on board the Cumberland.^ 
Rout of the Confederates at Winchester, Va. 

Our forces under General Shields gained a brilliant victory near 
Winchester, Va., on the 23d of March. Some 20,000 Confeder- 
ates, under General Jackson, were encamped near Strasburg. 
Shields having advanced toward them, suddenly fell back as if 
afraid to meet them. They followed him rapidly until near 
Winchester, when he suddenly fell upon them and put them to 
rout with fearful slaughter. Our own loss was very heavy, ag- 
gregating 567 in all. That of the enemy was 80 killed, 342 
wounded and 269 prisoners. The houses for nearly twenty miles 
on the track of the flying foe were filled with the dead and dying. 
General Shields having been wounded. General Banks led the 
pursuit in person. 

* For more detailed accoiiut of battle between the Monitor and Mefrimac see 
page 222 post. 



28 Historical Sketch of the 

Federal Occupation of Newborn and Beaufort, N. O, 

While these great victories were being achieved east and west, 
eqnally brilliant successes signalized our operations along the 
southern coasts. General Burnside was dealing hard blows to 
the rebellion in North Carolina. Newborn was captured March 
14, 1862. The vessels comj^rising this expedition left Hatteras 
Inlet on the 12th; proceeded up the Neuse river and landed the 
troops eighteen miles below the town. The latter marched 
twelve miles during the first day, dragging their cannon by hand, 
bivouacked for the night, continued the advance at daybreak, and, 
came u^oon the enemy's intrenchments, defended by eight regi- 
ments of infantry, 500 cavalry, and three heavy batteries. After 
an engagement of four hours, their works were carried by assault. 
The enemy retreated in great confusion along the railroad, but 
prevented successful pursuit by burning the bridges. In the 
meantime our ships appeared off the town which the Confeder- 
ates had abandoned, after having set it on fire in several places. 
But the flames were extinguished by our troops, the place oc- 
cupied, and the Stars and Stripes flung to the breeze. We cap- 
tured 46 heavy and 18 light guns, 5 steamboats, a number of 
sailing vessels, a large amount of military stores, and 413 prisoners. 
The Federal loss was 91 killed and 466 wounded; that of the 
enemy was somewhat less, as they fought behind intrenchments. 
Subsequently Beaufort was occupied without opposition, as were 
several other points of importance. Fort Macon, N. C, was 
taken on the 25th of April, after a bombardment of four hours. 

Victories of the Federal Army in Florida. 

Commodore Dupont was at the same time winning brilliant 
laurels farther south. An expedition sailed from Port Royal 
early in March for Florida and Fernandina. Jacksonville and St. 
Augustine were successively taken. Fort Marion also surrendered 
without resistance, on the 12th of March. Fort Pulaski, on the 
Savannah river, was also invested after almost incredible labor. 
It was garrisoned by 400 men and was manned by heavy guns. 
Our batteries were placed on Tybee Island, from 1,700 to 3,500 



War of the Kebellton. "^ 



v.,rrt, from the fort. On the 10th of April the enemy was sum- 
'm n d tol^-nder, and Refusing, fire wa. immediately opened 
At the end of eighteen hours' bombardment a breach was 
«, but therfsistanee was kept up t-lve honr. o„ger 
Preparations for storming it were made, when on «« l"'^^h 
fort surrendered, witlx all its stores, guns and garrison. Oui 
;i waso'ly one' man killed, and but four were injured w,th.n 

the fort . ^^^^^^ Expedition against New Orleans, La. 

Commodores Farragut and Porter had long been malung 
preparations for a demonstration agamst New Or lean . The foi- 
LTlmmanded the naval squadron while the aUer com- 
manded the fleet of mortai-s and gunboats fitted out in iNew 
Yof The vast armada, consisting of forty-five sail, left its 
indezvou in the early part of April, ascended the Mississippi 
a^ a rh^d off Ports Jaekson and St. Philip, seventy-five miles 
b low «^ city, on the 17th of that month. A d--^^ -'^b-" 
St et hed aero s the nver, while the forts commanded the s ream 
fom opposite banks, for a long distance. The bombardment 
wropeTed on the 18th and continued six days. Great damage 
Ts done to the forts; while the enemy endeavored to destroy 
our vessels by hurling fire rafts against them. 

The Federal Fleet Pass Forts Jackson and St. Philip. 
At len<rtli Commodore Farragut determined to pass the forts. 
At 2 o'cl'oek on the morning of the 24th, the steamers and gun- 
boats destined for the enterprise, formed m two column . They 
otsLted of sixteen sail. They wei-e soon ^j---^^^/;- 
enemy, and a murderous fire opened from the shores. £ho Ver 
Z, wiiich led the advance, engaged the entire ^^^^^ 
four of which it destroyed or drove ashore. She then engaged 
a formidable "ram," which she crippled and set on fire A 
Loud tn-elad Coiifederate steai^er striking her, the gallant 
hTpw IS run ashore in a sinking condition, after having de- 
st oyeTix of her antagonists. At the same tmie the s eamship 
i S^'engaged the Confederate ram .,/«...«., which had 



30 Historical Sketch of the 

been relied upon to sweep the ^' vandal " fleet out of existence, 
but suffered no material harm. Aftef a sharp engagement with 
the batteries of Fort St. Philip, she passed. The other vessels 
followed, each paying their respects to the forts, and each receiv- 
ing a few shots. The Mississippi also encountered the " ram," 
gave the monster coup de grace, and drove it ashore, where it 
was burned by its crew. 

Occupation of New Orleans by the Federal Forces. 

The fleet having passed the forts, boldly steamed up for New 
Orleans. The Chalmette batteries opened fire, but were soon 
silenced. As it neared the city, the vessels laden Avith cotton, 
sugar and molasses, were set on fire, while a vast quantity of 
cotton on the levee and in the storehouses was also burned. 
Commodore Farragut demanded the surrender of the place. 
After some delay, and the emission of divers grandiloquent 
manifestoes by the mayor, the demand was complied with and 
our troops disembarked. Formal possession was immediately 
taken, and the Federal flag once more floated above the city. 
General Butler arrived soon after and assumed command of the 
city and Federal forces. Meanwhile Commodore Porter con- 
tinued the attack on the forts and demanded their surrender, 
which demand was complied with April 28th. The remainder 
of the Confederate fleet was also captured or destroyed. Our 
loss in the entire series of operations was only 36 killed and 193 
wounded; that of the enemy was 185 killed, 197 wounded and 

400 prisoners. 

Surrender of Memphis, Tenn. 

Commodore Farragut ascended the Mississippi river with a 
portion of his fleet, occupied Baton Rouge, and other places, 
and destroyed several batteries and some of the enemy's steamers. 
At the same time Commodore Davis, who succeeded Commodore 
Poote, pursued the Confederate forces and fleet to Fort Wright, 
where the enemy were strongly fortified, and prepared to make 
a determined resistance. A long siege ensued. May 8, 1862, 
the entire Confederate flotilla attacked our gunboats, but after 



War of the Rebellion. 31 

an hour's engagement retired, with a loss of three of their boats. 
The siege was continued until the 31st of that month, when it 
was discovered that it had been abandoned. Our fleet then 
dropped down as far as Memphis, reaching that place June 5th, 
where the Confederate flotilla, consisting of eight rams and gun- 
boats, were concentrated. At daylight on the following day, the 
figlit commenced, lasting an hour and a half. The result was 
that seven of the eight Confederate vessels were captured or 
destroyed. The only casualty on our side was the wounding of 
Colonel Ellet, by a pistol shot. The surrender of the city was 
demanded; the authorities replied that they ^Hiad no means of 
defense," and our forces landed and took possession. 

The Federal Armies meet ■with Reverses. 

Important operations were progressing in the East. The sur- 
render of Norfolk and the destruction of the Merrimac followed 
the evacuation of Yorktown. This occurred May 10th. The 
enemy, before leaving, destroyed the navy yard. But the tide of 
success was not uninterruj^ted. Our fleet, which went up the 
James river, was arrested in its progress at Fort Darling, Va., on 
May 15th, and after being exposed to a jitlunging fire for some 
time, during which the Galena and Naugatuch suflered severely, 
were compelled to turn back. Federal loss, 12 killed and 14 
wounded. That of the enemy, 7 killed and 8 wounded. June 
10, 1862, our forces under General Hunter made a demonstra- 
tion on James Island, near Charleston, S. 0. Our gunboats co- 
operated with the land forces — the latter commanded by Gen- 
eral Benham. The enemy's works were assailed in three desper- 
ate charges; but after five hours' fighting, the attack was 
abandoned and our troops fell back loward the boats. 

Retreat of the Federal Army Under General Banks. 
General Banks, too, after proceeding nearly one hundred miles 
up the Shenandoah valley, and driving the enemy before him be- 
yond New Market, was compelled, partly because the enemy had 
been reinforced, and partly because he had been stripped of his 
command, except about 5,000 men, to fall back toward the Poto- 



32 Historical Sketch of the 

mac. General Jackson, with 20,000 men, was following him up; 
Colonel Kenly, who Avas at Front Royal, Va., with 900 men, 
was attacked and captured May 23d; and his position became 
not only critical but desperate. General Banks exhibited con- 
summate generalship in his retreat; made a march of fifty-three 
miles in less than two days; fought the enemy almost constantly 
as they endeavored to flank him; crossed the Potomac with 
nearly all his guns and stores, and thus saved his gallant little 
army from certain capture or destruction. 

The Federal Capital Believed to be in Peril. 
This movement of the enemy caused great excitement and 
alarm in Washington. It was believed that the capital was 
menaced; requisitions for three months' men were made by the 
War Department upon the respective Governors, and a large 
number of troops hurried on to the seat of war. At the same 
time General McDowell, who was supposed to be on his way to 
co-operate with McClellan, was ordered to press upon Jackson; 
while Fremont, who commanded the "Mountain Department," 
was directed to " head liim off " and prevent his retreat. The 
former manoeuvred to no purpose; Avhile the latter arrived at 
Strasburg just in time to see the rear guard of the enemy ])ass 
up. He followed rapidly, overtook them at Cross Ke_ys, Va., 
June 8th, gave them battle and defeated them. Our loss was 
125 killed and 500 wounded. That of the enemy, 42 killed and 
230 wounded. Jackson, doubtless learning that Shields was 
getting below him to cut off his retreat, hurried on to Port Re- 
public, fell upon the advance of the latter, forced it back upon 
the main body and. crossed the Shenandoah river in safety. 
The pursuit was abandoned. The losses in the latter engage- 
ment were, Federals, 67 killed, 361 wounded and 574 missing. 
Confederates, 88 killed, 535 wounded and 34 missing. 

The Confederates abandon Corinth, Miss. 
Corinth, the stronghold of the Confederates in the Southwest, 
yielded to the strategy of General Halleck almost without a 
struggle. The work of investment had been going on for several 



War of the Rebellion. 33 

weeks. On the 30th of May, every thing was in readiness to 
commence the assault, when it was discovered that- the place 
had been abandoned. Our forces hastened to occupy it, but 
found that every thing valuable had been carried away. General 
Pope, with 40,000 men, started in pursuit, came upon the 
enemy's rear, captured some 2,000 to 3,000 prisoners and several 
thousand stand of arms, and followed them up as far as Booneville, 
when he was ordered to return. General Mitchell was at the 
same time winning brilliant laurels in Southern Tennessee and 
Northern Alabama. He captured Hannibal and other impor- 
tant x^laces, and obtained control over a portion of the Mobile 
and Charleston railroad. 

General McOlellan's Peninsula Campaign. 

The campaign on the Peninsula was in the meanwhile slowly 
progressing. General McClellan followed the enemy by slow 
stages as far as the Chickahominy river, which the latter crossed 
in safety. Our forces occupied the eastern side for some time, 
owing to the necessity of constructing bridges and roads across 
the swampy country. Several skirmishes occurred and one or 
two more serious engagements, the most important of which was 
that of Hanover Court House, sixteen miles north of Eichmond, 
May 27th. A detachment of General Porter's corps was sent 
to cut off the communication with the city by the Fredericksburg 
railroad. A sharp fight, in which we were entirely successful, 
ensued. Our loss was 53 killed and 344 wounded and missing. 
That of the enemy was nearly 1,000, including 730 prisoners. 
Engagements at Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, Va. 

A portion of our army had crossed the Chickahominy, and 
Casey's division, some 6,000 strong, occupied the extreme ad- 
vance at Fair Oaks, only five miles from Richmond. The river 
was swollen by a violent rain-storm, and this small force was thus 
isolated from the main body of our army. Taking advantage of 
this, the enemy, on the 31st of May, advanced in overwhelming 
numbers, fell upon General Casey and drove him back, captur- 
ing a portion of his baggage and many of his guns. The retreat 
5 



34 Historical Sketch of the 

was checked by Heintzelman and Kearney, who were on this 
side of the river, while Sedgwick and Eichardson crossed the 
river and drove the enemy back at the point of bayonet, re- 
covering all the ground that had been lost. Next morning the 
latter resumed the light, but were everywhere repulsed, and fell 
back within their lines. Our loss was 890 killed, 3,627 wounded, 
and 1,222 missing. That of the enemy was 2,800 killed, 3,897 
wounded 1,300 missing. 

The Seven Days' Retreat of the Army of the Potomac. 

The Federal lines were being slowly extended toward Rich- 
mond; three corps of our army had crossed the Chickahominy, 
but no important movement took place until toward the close of 
June. A raid by Stuart^s cavalry upon our rear, and other evi- 
dences that the enemy had been largely reinforced, rendered our 
position not only critical but untenable. Our lines, extending 
over a distance of thirty miles, were liable to be attacked at any 
point at any moment. Menaced in front, on flank and in rear, 
and occupying a position imminently unhealthy, General Mc- 
Clellan resolved to attempt the hazardous manoeuyre of changing 
his front, and falling southerly upon the James river. He had 
sent most of his stores away, and had nearly completed his ar- 
rangements, when the enemy, doubtless apprised of his inten- 
tions, made an attack upon his extreme right at Mechanicsville, 
on Thursday, June 26th; skirmishing occurred during the greater 
part of the day, and toward evening the enemy made a murder- 
ous onslaught. They were defeated after a sharp contest, fell 
back, and our forces occupied the field. 

Engagements at Gaines' Mills and Chickahominy. 

Next morning the attack was renewed by them, who appeared 
in overwhelming numbers, and our forces were compelled to fall 
back to Gaines' Mills. A desperate contest, occupying the entire 
day, ensued. The enemy, constantly reinforced, hurled brigade 
after brigade upon our feeble columns. Our brave fellows, 
borne down by superior numbers, retired slowly, fighting as they 
went toward the Chickahominy, which they succeeded in cross- 



War of the Rebellion. 35 

ing by varions bridges which were partially destroyed behind 
them. On Saturday, our army having effected the passage of 
the stream, was ordered to fall back upon the James river. The 
wagon train was sent in front, the troops remaining under arms 
in the intrenchments during the entire day and night. 
Battles of Savage Station and Malvern Hill. 

Sunday morning the retreat toward the river commenced, the 
enemy following. A severe fight ensued at Savage Station, our 
troops retiring during the night, leaving most of their sick and 
wounded behind them. On Monday, June 30th, the last of the 
army, with the transportation train, had crossed the White Oak 
Swamp. It was again attacked, and again retreated at night. 
Tuesday morning the main body reached James river, exhausted 
by five days' fighting. A portion of it had intrenched itself on 
Malvern Hill, when the enemy poured down fresh troops upon 
it, and the battle was again resumed. It raged with fearful 
yiolence for many hours, the enemy's infantry marching up in 
solid columns, and suffering themselves to be mowed down by 
the Federal batteries and gunboats by thousands. This terrible 
work of butchery continued until dark, when the enemy retired 
in disorder, leaving us masters of the field. The Federal army 
then fell back to Harrison's Landing, where it remained in com- 
parative quiet for several weeks. The losses in this series of 
battles were. Federal, killed 1,582, wounded 7,709, and 5,958 
missing. Confederates, 2,820 killed, 14,011 wounded and 752 
missing. 

Ineffectual Bombardment of Vicksburg, Miss. 

Our forces in the Southwest were comparatively inactive dur- 
ing the summer of 1862. General Curtiss traversed the whole 
length of Arkansas, arriving safely at Helena, on the Mississipj^i. 
Our fleets on the Mississippi bombarded Vicksburg, but owing 
to the elevated situation of the town, were unable to reduce it. 
The enemy, under General Breckinridge, attacked our forces at 
Baton Houge, La., on the 5th of August. The design was to 
assail our forces by land, while the ram Ai^kansas, which had 



36 Historical Sketch of 'the 

recently come clown the Yazoo river, ran the gauntlet of the 
Federal gunboats at Vicksburg, and disabled one or two of our 
vessels — was to co-operate by water. But the *' ram " was over- 
hauled by the gunboat Essex, and so badly damaged, that it was 
fired and abandoned by its crew. The enemy was repulsed with 
great slaughter. Our loss, including G-eneral Williams, who 
died gallantly rallying his men, was 82 killed, 255 wounded and 
34 missing. Confederates, 84 killed, 316 wounded and 78 miss- 
ing. Kentucky, and to some extent Missouri, were overrun by 
guerilla bands, while our forces in Tennessee were able to do 
little more than hold their own. 

General Pope in Command of the Army of Virginia. 

General Pope was called to the command of the '^ Army of 
Virginia," upon which Generals Fremont and Shields resigned. 
General Halleck was also invested with the title of '^ Command- 
ing General." The position of our army on the Peninsula had 
become critical. The location was unhealthy, and the danger of 
having its communication interrupted imminent. The order was 
therefore given General McClellan to evacuate Harrison's Land- 
ing. The withdrawal of the Federal forces was so quietly and 
successfully accomplished that during the evacuation not a sin- 
gle life was sacrificed or a pound of luggage or stores lost. A por- 
tion of our troops went down by water, while the remainder 
marched overland to Yorktown. 

A Series of Federal Disasters. 

In the meantime General Pope was diverting the attention of 
the enemy from McClellan by making a feint upon Gordonsville 
from the north. August 9th, General Banks encountered Jack- 
son at Cedar Mountain, Va,, when a lively but undecisive battle 
took place. Our loss was 1,400 killed, wounded and prisoners. 
That of the enemy about was 1,307. After considerable skir- 
mishing. Pope fell back to the north of the Kappahannock. 
On the 22d of August a body of Confederate cavalry crossed the 
river, and making a circuit, surprised our head-quarters at 
Catlett^s Station, and gained a large amount of booty. The 



War of the Rebellion. 37 

enemy, meanwhile, brought up their entire force from Rich- 
mond. A strong detachment was sent north-westward, which 
passed up the valley between the Blue Ridge and Bull Run hills, 
proceeded north until opposite Pope's extreme right; passed 
through Thoroughfare Gap, and August 26th made a sudden 
dash upon our stores collected at Manassas, and destroyed the 
railroad track. G-eneral Pope, finding that the enemy were 
attempting to turn his right, marched northward from War- 
renton upbn Manassas in three columns. One of these, under 
General Hooker, encountered a portion of the Confederates at 
Kettle Run, Va., on the 27th, and after a sharp action repulsed 
them. 

Manassas, Va. — Second Battle of Bull Run. 
Another column, under McDo\vell and Siegel, came upon 
the enemy near Centreville the following day, when a severe bat- 
tle took place, the enemy falling back to Bull Run. The Con- 
federates being reinforced the battle was resumed on the 30th, 
when our forces suffered a disastrous repulse. That night 
Pope fell back upon his intrenchments at Centreville, where he 
was reinforced by a portion of the '^^ Army of the Potomac. ^^ 
The enemy endeavoring to cut off his retreat toward Washington 
by turning his right, he was forced gradually to fall back upon 
Alexandria. On the 1st of September the enemy made a dash 
on our supply trains at Chantilly, but were met and driven back, 
but not until we had lost two of our best generals — Stevens 
and Kearney. The Federal loss in killed, wounded and cap- 
tured, in this series of disastrous conflicts was estimated at 
7,000. That of the enemy was, 1,500 killed and 8,000 wounded. 

Invasion of Maryland by General Lee's Army. 

Instead of continuing to advance toward Washington, the 
Confederates turned northward, reached the Potomac near Lees- 
burg and crossed into Maryland in large force on the 4th, 5th 
and 6th of September, 1862. Reaching Frederick on the 7th, 
General Lee issued a proclamation to the peoj^le, announcing his 
mission to be to deliver the State from Federal thraldom. They 



38 Historical Sketch of the 

received him not only coldly, but with evident unfriendliness, and 
instead of the general uprising that was contemplated, only a few 
rallied under the Confederate flag. General McClellan having 
been asked to resume command of our forces, pushed boldly 
toward the enemy, reached the Upper Potomac by rapid marches, 
got between them and the fords by which they had crossed, com- 
pelled them to evacuate Frederick, and move nortli to Hagers- 
town, which was occupied on the 11th. 

South Mountain, Md., and Harper's Ferry, Va. 

Lee retreated toward the fords further up the river, closely 
followed by our forces. Our advance came up with the enemy 
on the morning of 14th at South Mountain, attacked them on 
both wings, forced them from all their positions and drove them 
up the river fifteen miles above Harper's Ferry. Our loss was 
443 killed, including Major-General Keno, 1,806 wounded, and 
76 missing. That of the enemy was 500 killed, including 
Brigadier-General Garland, 2,343 wounded and 1,500 captured. 
In the meanwhile Harper's Ferry, defended by some 11,000 
troops under Colonel Miles, was attacked by Jackson, our forces 
were dislodged from Maryland Heights, and the '^ Ferry"' cap- 
tured with its entire garrison, excepting some 2,000 cavalry 
who succeeded in catting their way out. The enemy also cap- 
tured fifty cannon and a large amount of stores and ammuni- 
tion. The place was, however, hastily abandoned by Jackson, 
who hurried to the assistance of Lee. 

Sharpsburg, Md. — The Battle of Antietam. 

Our combined foroes under McClellan followed the retreating 
enemy rapidly, came up with them on the morning of the 16th, 
strongly posted at Antietam Creek, and opened fire upon them 
at daylight on the following day. The battle raged with vio- 
lence until darkness put an end to the bloody duel. The for- 
tunes of the day were varied; positions were won and lost; our 
forces under Burnside were temporarily overpowered, but finally 
held the bridge across the creek and thus saved us from defeat. 
At night we held the field and were masters of the situation. 



War of the Rebellion. 39 

The carnage was frightful. Our loss was 2,010 killed, 9,416 
wounded and 1,043 missing. That of the enemy was 3,500 
killed, 16,399 wounded and 6,000 missing. We captured 14,000 
small arms, 13 guns, 7 caissons, 39 colors and 1 signal flag. We 
also took several thousand prisoners. The next day was spent 
in burying the dead. In this engagement twenty generals were 
killed or wounded. On the morning of the 19th, General Mc- 
Clellan resumed the attack, but found that the enemy were in 
full retreat. They were pursued by our cavalry under General 
Pleasanton, but succeeded, with the exception of a few thou- 
sands, in crossing the river in safety. 

The Confederates again Driven out of Missouri. 

Affairs in the West continued to look unfavorable. Missouri 
was harassed by guerillas and threatened with an invasion 
from Arkansas. On the 25th of July Governor Gamble ordered 
out the entire militia of the State. Towns were taken and re- 
taken; positions were lost and won, and the unhappy Common- 
wealth was visited for the third time by the horrors of ^' grim- 
visaged war." The southern border being threatened. General 
Schofield advanced rapidly, met and overcame the enemy at 
A^ltona, followed him south; drove him out of the State, and 
continued the pursuit into Arkansas. His advance, under Gen- 
eral Blunt, came upon the Confederates 7,000 strong under 
Hindman, near Pea Ridge, October 22d, and after a brisk en- 
gagement, put them to rout with great slaughter. The enemy 
fled in confusion, leaving all his artillery, a battery of six pound- 
ers, a large number of horses, and a portion of his transportation 
and garrison equipments. He w^as pursued beyond Huntsville, 
where he scattered and fled beyond the Boston mountains. 
Our troops followed for some time, drove him out of Fayette- 
ville and other towns, and finally returned on account of the 
scarcity of forage. 

Generals Bragg and Kirby Smith march on Louisville, Ky. 

Kentucky was overrun with guerillas. Morgan was spread- 
ing desolation on every hand. Lexington and other important 



40 Historical Sketch of the 

cities were cajDtured, and the tide of conquest seemed to roll ir- 
resistibly northward. At the same time the enemy menaced 
Cincinnati, while Generals Bragg and Kirby Smith were march- 
ing upon Louisville. The gallant General Morgan was com- 
pelled to abandon Cumberland Gap September 17th, while Gen- 
eral. Buel hastened north to intercept the progress of the enemy. 
He reached Louisville on the 25th, having outstripped Bragg 
and compelled him to suddenly reverse the order of his march. 
After a series of skirmishes our left column, under General 
McCook, came upon the enemy on the morning of October 8th, 
near Perryville and engaged him. One of the bloodiest battles 
of the war ensued though but a small portion of the Federal army 
was engaged and they were greatly outnumbered by the enemy. 
The fortunes of the day wavered for a time, but McCook re- 
ceiving reinforcements toward night we remained masters of the 
field. The Federal loss was 916 killed, 2,943 wounded and 489 
missing. That of the Confederates was 2,500 killed, wounded 
and missing. General Buel continued the pursuit some distance 
beyond Camp Robinson, but, being unable to keep up with the 
enemy, the chase was abandoned. While Buel was censured and 
subsequently removed for allowing Bragg to escape, the latter 
was equally blamed for failing to " cut up " the Federal army 
and conquer Kentucky. 

Rout of the Confederates at luka, Miss. 

At the same time General Rosecrans was gallantly defending 
the Union cause on the borders of Mississippi. He gained an 
important victory over the enemy under General Price at luka, 
September 20th, 1862, putting them to rout and capturing most 
of their artillery. Federal loss, 144 killed and 598 wounded. 
Confederates, 263 killed, 692 wounded and 561 captured. Price 
retreated, formed a junction with Van Dorn and Lowell near 
Corinth, and attacked our forces under Rosecrans, within their 
intrenchments, on October 4th. For a time they seemed to get 
the better of us, drove us more than once from our position, but 
were finally repulsed and utterly routed. The carnage was very 



War of the Rebellion. 4:1 

heavy on both sides. The Federal loss was 315 killed, 1,812 
wounded and 232 missing. That of the enemy was 1,423 killed, 
5,692 wounded and 2,248 missing. The Confederates were hotly 
pursued by General Ord, who drove them to the Hatchie river, 
where they made a stand. The battle was renewed the follow- 
ing day and lasted seven hours when the enemy were again de- 
feated and compelled to destroy their train to prevent its capture. 
They were closely pursued and compelled to abandon every thing 
in order to get away. Federal loss, 500 killed and wounded. 
Confederates, 400 killed and wounded. These victories were 
among the most brilliant of the war. The force of the enemy 
was 36,000 — three times that of our own in the first day's fight. 
We took over 2,000 prisoners and a large amount of spoils. Two 
Confederate generals — Rogers and Johnson — were killed; while 
we lost General Oglesby. 

The President Calls for 600,000 Additional Troops. 
Our army had been greatly reduced in numbers by battle and 
disease; and on the 1st of July the President issued a procla- 
mation calling for 300,000 volunteers to serve for three years. 
Auo-ust 4th, he issued another call for an additional 300,000, to 
be raised by draft, for nine months. The people responded with 
alacrity, the first demand being complied with in less than sixty 

(\ 1 vs 
' " President Lincoln's Emancipation of the Slaves. 

September 22, 1862, the President issued a Proclamation of 
Emancipation, to go into effect in such States and parts of States 
as he should designate, on the 1st day of January, 1863. This 
important edict excited great rage and consternation m the 
South The Confederate Congress made it the subject of special 
fulmination, and threats to raise the black flag, etc., were made. 
Operations in Texas and Louisiana. 

Galveston, Texas, was attacked by our naval forces, October 
4th Four days were given the authorities to remove the women 
and children, when it would be shelled if it did not surrender. 
6 



42 Historical Sketch of the 

It fell without firing a gun, and the Stars and Stripes once more 
waved over the soil of Texas. General Wetzel made a brilliant 
march into the interior of Louisiana, in November, inspiring 
terror among the whites and great joy among the blacks. The 
latter flocked in crowds about his head-quarters; while he cap- 
tured 40 wagons of contrabands, whom their masters were hurry- 
ing out of reach of our troops. 

The Sovithwest at the Close of 1862. 

Our forces in the Southwest had been active. General Blunt 
met the enemy at Cane Hill, Northwestern Arkansas, November 
28th, and after a hard-fought battle put them to rout with con- 
siderable slaughter. The enemy were pursued twelve miles, 
when they took refuge in the Boston mountains. One or two 
engagements occurred, when the enemy, being greatly reinforced, 
endeavored to dislodge General Blunt. He was encamped near 
Fayetteville, Arkansas. Failing m this and learning that Gen- 
eral Herron was marching to his assistance at Cane Hill, they 
attacked the latter December 7th with a force estimated at 
24,000. A desperate battle lasting until dark ensued, when 
the enemy fled from the field in great confusion, leaving their 
caissons filled with ammunition, a large number of small arms, 
etc., etc., behind them. The Federal loss in killed and wounded 
was 965; that of the Confederates 1,500. Our entire force did 
not exceed 12,000, while that of the enemy was about 28,000. 
The victory was one of the most complete, as it was one of the 
most brilliant of the war. 

Federal Cavalry Raid into Mississippi. 

General Hovey made a brilliant expedition into Mississippi in 
early December. He left Helena with 7,000 men, to cut off the 
railroad communication between Jackson and Oxford. He had 
several skirmishes with the enemy, made an extensive cav- 
alry raid into the interior, occupied Panola, Oakland and 
Charleston, and succeeded in infusing such a panic into the Con- 
federate army under Price and Pemberton that it hastily aban- 
doned Abbey ville and Oxford, gave Grenada a wide berth, be- 



Wak of the Rebellion. 43 

lieving that it was in our hands, and fell back to Clinton under 
the delusion that we had a large army in its rear. 

Capture of a Federal Brigade by General Morgan. 

The guerilla, General Morgan, surprised a Federal brigade under 
command of Colonel Scott, at Hartsville, Tenn., on the morning 
of December 7th. After a sharp engagement of an hour and a 
half, our troops, being, it is claimed, completely at the mercy of 
the enemy, surrendered unconditionally. Our loss in killed and 
wounded was 55; the enemy lost an equal if not greater number. 
The affair was one of the most disgraceful incidents of the war, 
and excited much indignation throughout the country. Some 
1,800 prisoners were taken, and paroled a few days later. 
General McClellan Superseded by General Burnside. 

After the battle of Antietam, our forces on the Potomac, in- 
stead of following up the enemy, remained inactive for some 
time. General McClellan was ordered to advance on October 
6th, and again on the 18th of the same month; but failed to do 
so, for the reason, as was alleged, that delays occurred in furnish- 
ing him supplies. Toward the end of the month our forces 
commenced moving into Virginia, and Ashley's, Thoroughfare 
and other Gaps were occupied. General McClellan himself had 
advanced as far as Warrenton, when, on the morning of the 7th 
of November, he received notice that he was superseded, and 
immediately left for Trenton, N. J., where he was ordered to 
report. General Burnside succeeded him. The latter changed 
the programme of operations, and determined to a^^proach the 
Confederate capital by way of Fredericksburg. 

General Sumner Demands the Surrender of Fredericksburg, Va. 

November 15th, our advance, under General Sumner, com- 
menced the march toward the Rappahannock, and arrived at Fal- 
mouth on the 17th, accomplishing a distance of nearly forty miles 
in two days. The other corps rapidly followed. On the 21st 
General Sumner demanded the surrender of Fredericksburg, on 
the ground that our troops had been fired upon from the houses. 
The demand was refused, when he gave eighteen hours for the re- 



44 Historical Sketch of The 

moval of the women and children, at the close of which time he 
would open fire upon it. The time was afterward extended eleven 
hours; but, contrary to general expectation, the bombardment 
was indefinitely postponed. Delays occurred in the construction 
of the railroad from Acquia Creek to the Eappahannock, and the 
arrival of pontoons, which deferred operations nearly three 
weeks. In the meantime the Confederate forces were concentrat- 
ing and fortifying on the southern bank of the river. The 
entire army of Virginia, including the division of Stonewall 
Jackson, was encamped within a radius of a few miles. 
The Federal Forces occupy Fredericksburg. 

Finally on the morning of December 11, 1862, General Burnside, 
having completed his preparations, opened fire on the city with a 
line of batteries aggregating 143 guns. During the night previous 
pontoons were conveyed to the river and the artillery placed in 
position. At daylight the construction of the bridges com- 
menced, when the Confederate sharpshooters fired from the 
houses on our engineers, killing several. The shelling of the 
city now became a necessity, and a brisk cannonading was kept 
up for several hours. Our engineers worked under the cover of 
our guns, and after being thrice driven off, succeeded, by the as- 
sistance of two companies of Michigan volunteers, who dauntlessly 
crossed the river under the fire of the enemy, in completing the 
bridges. General Franklin constructed his bridges some three 
miles below the city, meeting with but little opposition. The 
Federal gunboats also assisted indirectly by shelling the enemy 
farther down. The bridges having been completed, our troops 
began to cross (still under the shelter of our guns) Thursday 
night and Friday. Some skirmishing occurred on the afternoon 
of that day; but no serious impediment was offered. General 
Burnside occupied the city and made preparations to '^move 
upon the enemy's works." 

Federal Assault on the " Works " Back of Fredericksburg. 

Early Saturday morning the great battle, Avhich will render 
the name of Fredericksburg famous in history, was commenced. 



Wak of the Kebellion. 45 

The enemy, reported to be 150,000 strong, and commanded by 
Generals Lee, Jackson, Hill and others, were strongly intrenched 
behind two lines of fortifications back of the city. The object 
of General Burnside was to pierce the enemy's center, divide his 
line by swinging ronnd our left under Franklin, take possession 
of the railroad — his line of retreat — and come in on the flank 
of his works at Fredericksburg. At the same time Sumner 
was to storm the ridge above the city. The battle was opened 
by General French's division, composed of Kimball, Morris and 
Weber's brigades. Forming under cover of a small knoll, our 
troops moved forward at a brisk pace toward the enemy's works. 
Suddenly as they neared the latter, they were met by a murder- 
ous fire of mfantry from rifle pits, from behind stone walls and 
from the batteries. The carnage was fearful. Whole regiments 
were mowed down like grass. Slowly, with decimated ranks, 
the gallant fellows were forced to fall back to their original 
position. 

Failure of the Federals to Storm the " Heights." 

At the same time General Franklin was meeting with better 
success on the left. He succeeded, after a hard fight, in forcing 
the Confederate right back over a mile, and nearly succeeded in 
turning it, when the latter being largely reinforced, assumed the 
aggressive and regained a |)ortion of the ground they had lost. 
The battle raged with great fury along our whole line for many 
hours; but in the afternoon. General Hooker, who had been chaf- 
ing on the opposite bank of the river, crossed over and engaged 
the enemy; but night coming on soon after, he was obliged to 
stop before he had fairly got to work. The most heroic attempts 
to storm the heiglits were made; masses of troops were thrown 
forward only to be hurled back, bruised and mangled. Once, 
indeed, toward the close of the day, tlie crest of the hill on the 
right was stormed; but it subsequently had to be abandoned. 
The fearful duel was suspended only when the combatants could 
no longer see to fight. The full extent of our disaster was not 
realized until the next morning, when the ominous list of '^ miss- 



46 Historical Sketch of "fHE 

ing " and the heaps of dead piled up in the distance told the 
direful story. The Federal loss was: killed, 1,180; wounded, 
ahout 9,028; missing, 2,145. That of the enemy was 579 killed, 
3,870 wounded and 127 missing. 

The Federal Army Recross the Rappahannock. 

The attempt to dislodge the enemy having proved unsuccess- 
ful, and our position being perilous, the Federal army recrossed 
the Eappahaunock on the night of December loth without the 
loss of a single man or piece of artillery. The Confederates 
were greatly surprised next morning at finding our army gone. 

General Banks succeeds General Butler at New Orleans. 

An expedition under General Banks, to operate at some point 
on the southern coast, was fitted out in New York during the 
closing months of 1862. The advance portion of it, consisting 
of fifteen sail and 10,000 troops, left Fortress Monroe on the 4th 
of December. The main part, consisting of nineteen steamers 
loaded with troops and stores, sailed from New York on the 
same day; several vessels loaded with troops followed a few da3^s 
later. Its destination was kept secret; though it w^as gener- 
ally surmised that it was intended to operate, indirectly at least, 
against Eichmond. Contrary to public expectation, the fleet 
sailed southward; was first heard of at Port Royal, where a 
couple of vessels were compelled to put in for repairs; was after- 
ward heard of off Key West, headed toward the Gulf. The flag- 
ship, with General Banks on board, arrived at Ship Island De- 
cember 13th, where it remained a few hours to await the arrival 
of the other vessels. The fleet left there on the morning of the 
14th, and arrived at New Orleans on the evening .of the same 
day. December 16th, General Banks superseded General But- 
ler, and assumed command of the '' Department of the Gulf.'^ 
He immediately issued a proclamation to the people, temperate 
but firm in its tone. He also modified one or two of the more 
stringent orders of his predecessor. He inaugurated active move- 
ments by sending an expedition, consisting of several gunboats 
and 10,000 troops, to Baton Rouge, where it arrived on the 17th. 



War of the Rebellion. 47 

Our forces lauded without opposition and took formal possession 
of the place. The expedition was under the command of Gen- 
eral Grover. 

Operations of the Confederate Privateer "Alabama." 

This vessel, whose piracies became the terror of our commerce, 
was built in Liverpool, whence she sailed without register or 
clearance, but with the manifest connivance of the authorities, 
July 29, 1862. Her destination was for some time unknown, 
and little was heard of her until the 3d of October, when she 
suddenly turned up on the track of our trans-Atlantic merchant- 
men, and captured and destroyed the ship Brilliant. She also 
destroyed the ship Ben Tucker, and some seven or eight other 
vessels in the course of a few days. October 15th, she captured 
the ship Lamplighter, on the 23d the Lafayette, and on the 28th 
the barque Louisville. These captures occurred between lati- 
tudes 59 deg. and 45 deg. November 2d she captured the ship 
Levi Starhuck in latitude 35 deg. and on the 8th of the same 
month captured the ship T. B. Welles in latitude 28 deg. Most 
of these vessels she destroyed. The crews generally having been 
landed at neutral ports. The Alabama then proceeded to Mar- 
tinique, in the West Indies, where she arrived November 17th, 
and where she was followed by the U. S. steamship San Jacinto. 
The latter remained outside the port for the purpose of attacking 
the pirate when she should come out. But through the assist- 
ance of friends on shore, the Alabama got out to sea by the way 
of another channel. She overtook the Vanderbilt steamship 
Ariel December 7th, and captured her near the east end of Cuba. 
She detained her three days, and after exacting a ransom bond 
in the sum of $228,000, allowed her to proceed on her voyage. 
She had on board a quantity of arms and ammunition, which 
was taken out by the Alabama, and a detachment of one hun- 
dred and twenty marines, who were paroled. 

The Situation in Tennessee at the Close of 1862. 

Tennessee was the theater of an engagement lasting four days, 
and resulting in the decisive defeat of the army under General 



48 Historical Sketch of the 

Bragg. December 26, 1862, General Eosecrans moved his whole 
army from Nashville against the enem}^ reaching their outposts 
the same evening. The next day there was lively skirmishing 
between the two armies, resulting favorably. On the 28th the 
whole army rested, and on the 29tli the advance was resumed, 
and that evening our army arrived near Stone river, which flows 
in nearly a northern direction before Murfreesboro, and debouches 
into the Cumberland above Nashville. On the west bank of this 
stream the enemy was strongly posted, prepared to give battle. 
December 30th was spent in reconnoitering, and on the 31st tlie 
battle commenced, raging with terrific fury until nightfall. 
General Eosecrans' plan of battle seems to have been to throw 
his left across the river, turn the enemy's flank and occupy Mur- 
freesboro. In this he was partially successful, and would have 
been Avholly so had not the enemy surprised his right (which 
was under General McCook) and succeeded in driving it back, 
capturing guns, ammunition trains, etc. Thus matters rested at 
night. Our accounts of the engagement of January 1st are not 
so clear, but it would seem that not much fighting was done on 
our side. 

The Communications of the Federal Army Severed. 
That day and evening the enemy made the entire circuit 
of our army, sundering its communications. The same night 
Beatley's brigade was thrown across the river on the left, but 
was driven back the next morning. Generals Negley's and Dav- 
ies' divisions were sent to his aid, when the tide was again turned, 
the left again crossed the river, and the right advanced to 
its original position. The same day our center repulsed a furious 
attempt on the part of the Confederates to break it. On the 
morning of January 3d General Eosecrans renewed the attack, 
completed his victory, and that evening the enemy retreated in 
disorder to Tullahoma. Much of the success was owing to the 
achievement of a cavalry expedition through Pound Gap to the 
vicinity of Knoxville, which succeeded in tearing up nine miles 
of the Virginia Central and East Tennessee railroad, thus pre- 



Wae of the Rebellion. 49 

venting the forw!:irding of reinforcements from Virginia. On the 
9th we occupied Murfreesboro, the enemy continuing to retreat 
in much disorder toward Tullahoma, vigorously followed by the 
Federal forces. Our loss in officers was very heavy, while Gen- 
eral Willich was taken prisoner. The Confederate Generals 
Eaines and Hanson were killed, and Generals Chalmers and 
Dayis wounded. The Federal loss was 1,533 killed, 7,245 
wounded and 2,800 missing. That of the enemy was 14,560 
killed, wounded and missing. ^ 

The Siege of Vicksburg, Miss. 

An expedition, naval and military, against Vicksburg, under 
the respective commands of Commodore Porter and General 
Sherman, left Memphis about the middle of December, 1862. 
The latter debarked his forces, nearly 40,000 strong, December 
26th, ten miles from the mouth of the Yazoo river, and forming 
in line of battle, advanced upon the city. A terrific battle, 
lasting five hours, occurred. The enemy were driven back be- 
yond two bayous that girt the rear of Vicksburg, and from their 
intrenched works on the hill by shells, Monday. The contest 
raged for several days with great violence. Oar advance ap- 
proached to within two miles of the city; but were subsequently 
compelled to fall back with heavy loss. General Sherman was 
Immediately superseded by General McClernand, and our troops 
re-embarked upon their transports and returned to Napoleon, 
Arkansas. 

General Grant Assumes Command in Person. 

The expedition by way of Yazoo river having failed. General 
Grant assumed command in person, and directed himself earn- 
estly to the work of reducing this famous stronghold. Becom- 
ing satisfied that the place could only be taken from the south 
side, he prosecuted the work on the canal commenced under the 
direction of General Butler; but the enterprise 23romising to be 
unsuccessful he abandoned it. Subsequently he opened a passage 
through the bayous which run from near Milliken's Bend on the 
north and New Carthage on the south through Roundaway Bayou 
7 



50 Historical Sketch of the 

into the Tansas river. A small stearaer and a number of 
barges were taken through this channel, but the rapid fall of the 
river made communication between the two points imprudent. 
He also cut a channel from the Mississippi to Lake Providence; 
also one from the Mississippi to run into Cold water by wa}' of 
Yazoo Pass. By the former channel he hoped to open a navi- 
gable stream through which transports might pass into the Mis- 
sissippi below, through Tansas and Red rivers, and thus a route 
be opened in that direction, which would enable him to co-ope- 
rate with General Banks. The navigation proving better than 
he had expected, he concluded to make this the means for ob- 
taining a foothold on highland above Haines' Bluff, and a 
steamer was ordered for transporting an army that way. 
The Federal Army Concentrated at Milliken's Bend. 

The advance of the expedition, consisting of one division of 
McClernand's corps, commanded by Brigadier-General L. F. 
Ross, and the TAvelfth and Seventeenth regiments Missouri in- 
fantry, from Sherman's corps, as sharpshooters on the gunboats, 
succeeded in reaching Coldwater on the 2d day of March, after 
much difficulty. 'No formidable obstacle was encountered until 
the expedition reached Fort Pemberton, erected at the conflu- 
ence of the Tallahatchie and Yazoo rivers. Our gunboats 
opened upon it, but after an engagement of several hours drew 
off, being unable to silence the batteries. General Quimby fol- 
lowed General Ross, but met the latter coming down, having 
failed to reduce the fort. Shortly after General Grant ordered 
the withdrawal of all the forces operating in that direction, for 
the purpose of concentrating his army at Milliken's Bend. Sub- 
sequently an expedition was sent up Black Bayou toward Deer 
Creek, but this was also abandoned, owing to the difficulties of 
navigation and the activity of the enemy. 

General Grant Changes his Plan of Attack. 

These repeated failures determined General Grant to make a 
radical change in his plan of attack. A force marched from 
Milliken's Bend upon New Carthage, which was occupied on the 



Wak of the Eebellion. 51 

31st of March. At the same time preparations were made for 
ruuiiing transports by the Vicksburg batteries. The Queen of 
the West ran the Confederate batteries, as did the Indianola a 
few days later. Both were subsequently captured by the enemy. 
On the 25th of March, two rams — the Sivitzerland and Lancas- 
ter — ran the batteries; while six gunboats successfully accomp- 
lished the same hazardous achievement on the night of April 
16th. Several other gunboats and transports, laden with troops, 
also passed the batteries with comparatively little injury. From 
this time the main operations, both by our land and naval forces, 
were conducted below the city. 

Confederates Abandon Grand Gulf and Port Gibson, Miss. 

Grand Gulf, Miss., was attacked on April 29th, but the bat- 
teries being too elevated for the fire of our gunboats, they were 
run by our fleet, while our land forces marched across from 
Hard Times to a point below Grand Gulf, and thus turned it. 
General Grant moved his forces at Bruinsburg, and immediately 
advanced upon Port Gibson, near which he was opposed, May 1st 
by General Bowen, who was defeated with a loss of 1,650 in 
killed, wounded and prisoners. The enemy hastily retreated, 
abandoning Port Gibson, and also Grand Gulf. General Grant, 
after ordering General Sherman to make a demonstration on 
Haines' Bluff, to deceive the enemy, turned northward toward 
Jackson and Vicksburg. This advance, under McPherson, met 
the enemy near Eaymond, two brigades strong, under Gregg and 
Walker, on the same day, engaged him, and after several hours' 
hard fighting, drove him with heavy loss in killed, wounded and 
prisoners. Many threw down their arms and deserted. Federal 
loss, 69 killed and 341 wounded. Confederates, 969 killed and 
wounded. 

The Besieged and Besiegers at Vicksburg, Miss. 

Sherman and McPherson then moved upon Jackson, occupied 
Clinton, and met the bulk of the enemy's forces at about two 
and a half miles from the former place. Jackson was occupied 
and the Confederate army retreated in a northward direction. 



52 Historical, Sketch of the 

At the same time Pemberton, learning of our operations, marched 
out of Vicksburg with his entire force, and prepared to attack 
our rear. He was met by our forces at EdAvard's Creek, on the 
16th of May, and defeated with a loss of 4,300 in killed, wounded 
and prisoners, and 29 pieces of artillery. On the following day, 
the battle of Big Black River Bridge was fought — the Confed- 
erates being again whipped, and sustaining a loss of 3,100 men 
and 17 pieces of artillery. May 18th, Haines^ and Chickasaw 
Bluffs were captured, the enemy driven within the city, and the 
work of investment formally commenced. On the 19th, General 
Steele carried the rifle pits, and our right and left rested upon 
the river. May 22d, an attempt was made to take the works by 
storm, but it was unsuccessful. Our loss was heavy. Prepara- 
tions for a regular siege were immediately made. Several en- 
gagements occurred between the besieged and the besiegers — 
the latter generally being the aggressors. 

Surrender of Vicksburg, Miss., July 4, 1863. 
An almost continuous cannonading was kept up, both by land 
and water, and the loss of life within the city was severe. June 
15th, the Confederates opened fire along their entire line, but 
failed to drive us from our position. General Johnson ^ilso made 
hostile demonstrations in our rear, and on the 23d of June 
attacked our forces under General Osterhaus at Big Black river. 
The attack was a failure. June 25th, General Logan cap- 
tured an important fort. From that time until the final fall 
of the city our operations were a series, of unbroken successes. 
The siege lasted forty-seven days. The results are stated by 
General Grant, in his oflBcial report, to be the defeat of the 
enemy in five battles outside of Vicksburg; the occupation of 
Jackson — the capital of the State of Mississippi — and the cap- 
ture of Vicksburg and its garrison and munitions of war; a loss 
to the enemy of 37,000 prisoners, among whom were fifteen gen- 
eral officers; at least 10,000 killed and wounded, and among the 
killed. Generals Tracey, Tilghman and Green, and hundreds and 
perhaps thousands of stragglers, who can never be collected and 



War of the Rebellion. 53 

Teorganized. Arms and munitions of war for an army of 60,000 
men have fallen into our hands, besides a large amount of other 
public property, consisting of railroads, locomotives, cars, steam- 
boats, cotton, etc., and much was destroyed to jDrevent our captur- 
ing it. Our loss in these series of battles was 545 killed, 3,688 
wounded, and 303 missing. That of the enemy was 31,277 
killed, wounded and prisoners. 

Generals Price and Marmaduke attack Helena, Ark. 
On July 4th. the same day that our army marched into Yicks- 
burg, the Confederates, under Price and Marmaduke, 8,000 to 
10,000 strong, attacked our forces at Helena, Ark. They ad- 
Tanced in three columns, but owing to the roughness of the 
ground, were unable to bring up their artillery and attempted to 
oarry our works by storm. The center column charged in the 
direction of Fort Curtis, and took three lines of rifle pits. The 
flank attack was not so successful, which subjected the center to 
an enfilading fire, which swept them down in great numbers, and 
they were soon surrounded and captured. One whole brigade 
fell into our hands. The attack was renewed, but the enemy 
were terribly punished. Federal loss, 57 killed and 117 wounded. 
■Confederates, 173 killed, 687 wounded and 776 missing. 

Ccnfederates Evacuate Jackson, Miss. 
After the fall of Vicksburg, General Grant dispatched Gen- 
eral Sherman in pursuit of Johnson, who had been for some 
time past threatening our rear on the Bhick river. The latter, 
however, hastily retreated upon Jackson, where he fortified him- 
self and prepared to give battle. He was attacked, July 14th, 
by a portion of our forces, but stood his ground. Finding that 
he was in danger of being flanked, he evacuated the place on 
the night of the 16th, retreating into the interior of Mississippi. 
His army was greatly demoralized, and much thinned by deser- 
tion. He was pursued for some distance, but owing to the 
poverty of the country the pursuit was abandoned. 



54 Historical Sketch of the 

The Confederates Recapture Galveston, Texas. 
Contrary to general expectation, the campaign in the ex- 
treme Southwest was not active during the first few weeks of 
1863. General Banks directed himself mainly to the organ- 
ization of his army and the preparation for a spring campaign. 
At the same time the enemy were not idle. They recaptured 
Galveston, Texas, on New Year's day. Early in the morning 
four gunboats, protected by cotton bales, came down the river 
and made an attack on the U. S. steamer Harriet Lane, which 
was captured by boarding after a large number of her crew 
had been killed. The flagship Westfield was ashore in another 
channel, but took no part in the action. Commodore Ren- 
shaw, to prevent the vessel falling into the hands of the enemy, 
blew her up after ordering the crew to be transferred on board 
transports. By an accident, the explosion occurred before tho 
boat containing Commodore Renshaw had got off, and he, with 
the first lieutenant and boat's crew, perished. The Confederates 
made a simultaneous attack on our small force on shore, which 
they overcame and captured after a desperate struggle, lasting 
several hours. Our loss was reported 160 killed and 300 prison- 
ers. An expedition under Commodore Bell was sent to recapture 
the place and seize the Harriet Lane, but it was not successful. 
One of the vessels, the Hatteras, was detached from the fleet to 
overhaul a suspicious steamer. The latter proved to be the pri- 
vateer Alabama, which after a short engagement succeeded in 
sinking our vessel. Her crew were taken off and carried to Kings- 
ton, in the West Indies, where they were put ashore and left. 

Springfield, Mo., Attacked by the Confederates. 

But little was done on either side during the months of Jan- 
nary, February or March. A force of 6,000 Confederates^ 
under Marmaduke, made an attack on Springfield, Missouri, on 
the 6th of January. Our forces were greatly inferior in num- 
bers, but succeeded in expelling the enemy with severe loss — 
the latter leaving their dead and wounded in our hands. They 
also attacked our forces at Fort Donnelson, Tenn., on the 3d of 



War of the Rebellion. 55 

February, but were repulsed with a loss of 140 killed, 400 
wounded and 130 missing, while our loss was but 16 killed, 60 
wounded and 50 missing. A skirmish took place January 28th 
near Suffolk, between our forces under General Corcoran and 
the Confederates under General Pryor, in which the latter were 
defeated and driven across the Blackwater. 

Part of the Federal Fleet Pass the Batteries at Port Hudson, La. 
Our forces in Louisiana, although apparently inert, were not 
idle. On the night of the 14th of March, an attempt was made 
by our fleet under Admiral Farragut to pass the Confederate 
batteries at Port Hudson, while General Banks made a diversion 
in the rear without actually going into action. The batteries 
were very formidable and extended nearly four miles in an almost 
continuous line above and below the town. The fleet consisted 
of seven vessels and a number of mortar boats. The latter kept 
up a bombardment in the rear while the former endeavored to 
run the blockade. Two of the vessels, the Hartford (the flagship 
of Commodore Farragut) and Albatross, succeeded in passing 
with little damage; the Richmond, after reaching the last battery, 
was temporarily disabled and obliged to put back; while the Mis- 
sissippi ran aground in the darkness directly under the guns of 
the main batteries, where she was exposed for some time to a 
severe fire. Finding it impossible to get her off. Captain Smith 
gave orders to set the vessel on fire, to prevent her falling into 
the hands of the enemy. A number of the crew were reported to 
have perished on board. 

Admiral Farragut Establishes Communication with Admiral Porter. 
Admiral Farragut, isolated from the rest of his fleet, j^ro- 
ceeded up the river with his two vessels; compelled the authori- 
ties at Natchez to hoist the American colors; shelled and passed 
Grand Gulf; destroyed a number of Confederate transports, and 
placed himself in communication with Admiral Porter. Rein- 
forced and furnished with supplies by the latter, he blockaded 
the Eed river and subsequently went as far up it as Alexandria, 
which he occupied and held until the arrival of General Banks. 



56 Historical Sketch of- the 

The latter was equally active in another quarter. He sent an 
exj)edition to the region of Bayou Teche, the most fertile section 
of Louisiana, where the enemy were collected in large numbers, 
mustering to attack New Orleans. Berwick bay was the initial 
point of the expedition, where several steamers, transports, etc., 
etc., were captured. The march into the interior was com- 
menced on the 14th of April. The enemy opposed us in large 
force, and a series of engagements took place on the loth, 16th 
and 17th, in all of which we w^ere successful. 

The victory of the latter day, w^on at Vermillion Bayou, was 
brilliant and decisive. We captured over 1,000 prisoners, to- 
gether with the steamer Cornie, and an immense amount of 
stores. The enemy were compelled to destroy no less than ten 
steamers and three gunboats to prevent their falling into our 
hands. General Green also made a movement against the 
enemy at Irish Bend on the 13th, reduced the batteries at Bute 
la Eose, destroyed the Salt Mine Works and captured a large 
number of prisoners and 1,000 animals. Federal loss, 350 killed, 
wounded and missing. Confederate loss, 400 wounded and 
2,000 missing and captured. 

The Federal Army Invest Port Hudson, La. 
Our victorious forces marched rapidly northward toward 
Opelousas; occupied that place without serious opposition; a 
few days subsequently captured Franklin; and then pushed vigor- 
ously toward Alexandria, on the Bed river, which was occupied 
on May 11th. After remahiing there a few days, General Banks 
embarked his troops on transports, passed down the river, and 
reached the Mississippi; crossed it at Bayou Sara, and on the 
21st engaged the enemy at Port Hudson Plains. A severe en- 
gagement, lasting eight hours, occurred, in which the Confed- 
erates were routed wdth the loss of a large number in killed and 
wounded and 100 prisoners. Our loss was 12 killed and 56 
wounded. The enemy retiring within their intrenchraents at 
Port Hudson, General Banks followed and proceeded to invest 
the place. This was speedily effected, both his right and 



"War of the Eebellion. S7 

left resting on the river. No serious engagement occurred until 
the 27th, when a sanguinary battle took place. General Wetzel, 
after a desperate encounter, carried the large six-gim battery — 
the same that destroyed the Mississippi — ixi\^ turned it against 
the enemy. 

Unconditional Surrender of Port Hudson, July 8, 1863. 
Our center drove the Confederates within their interior strong- 
holds, while our right under the gallant Sherman, after car- 
rying the enemy's works by storm, was compelled to abandon 
them. The Federal loss was heavy, aggregating nearly 3,000 
in killed and wounded. One or two other attempts to carry the 
works were made, but had to be abandoned. The siege pro- 
gressed with great vigor; a continuous bombardment was kept 
up by our fleet; the supplies of the enemy were entirely cut 
off- and every attempt at succor frustrated. Finally, on July 
7th, the Confederate commander, General Gardner, made an 
offer of conditional surrender, which was rejected by General 
Banks. On the following morning, having been assured of the 
fall of Vicksburg. he surrendered unconditionally. The garri- 
son numbered 7,000 men, while among the trophies were 50. 
pieces of artillery and a large amount of ammunition. The fall 
of this important stronghold completed the conquest of the Mis- 
sissippi In less than two weeks afterward regiments were re- 
turning home by that river which the Confederates had boasted 
should never more acknowledge the sway of the Federal flag. 
The Army of the Potomac at Ohancellorsville, Va. 
While these glorious results were being worked out in the 
West, the storm of war raged furiously in the East. The Army 
of the Potomac, which had been idle since December, com- 
menced an active spring campaign. It crossed the Rappahan- 
nock on April 27th, 28th and 29th, at some distance above 
Fredericksburg; the object being to gain the rear of the enemy s 
strong works; and by threatening his communications compel 
him either to retreat or fight outside his intrenchments. Hie 
plan was ingenious and the movement admirably executed. 
8 



58 HisTomcAL Sketch of -the 

So confident was the commanding general of success, that he 
issued a congratulatory order to his troops on reaching Chan- 
cellorsville. At the same time he dispatched a cavalry force, 
under General Stoneman, to sever the railroad connection be- 
tween Fredericksburg and Richmond. The enemy, either be- 
cause they were deceived as to our intentions or because they 
wished to draw Hooker into a trap, offered but little resistance 
to our march. We gained a position virtually in the rear of the 
fortifications, and thus compelled him to come out and give 
battle. Fighting commenced on Saturday, May 2d. Our line 
of battle was drawn up facing the north-east, looking toward the 
intrenchments behind the town. The enemy's left overlapped 
our right, and on this point the attack was made. 

Stonewall Jackson Drives a Federal Corps from the Field. 

A strong force, under the redoubtable Stonewall Jackson, 
dashed upon our Eleventh corps, under General Howard, Avhich 
had been posted at this point, and drove it in confusion from the 
field. The rout of this portion of our army would have re- 
sulted in a serious disaster but for the bravery of the Second 
corps, formed under the immediate command of General Hooker, 
but now led by General Berry, which checked the advance of the 
enemy. The latter were repulsed with fearful slaughter, Jack- 
son himself being mortally wounded. During the night an at- 
tack was made by our forces upon Jackson's division, and the 
ground lost during the day recovered. Early the following 
morning the attack was renewed by the enemy upon our left, and 
after a severe action of six hours they succeeded in gaining pos- 
session of the plank road leading past Chancellorsville toward 
Fredericksburg, and our forces were driven back and concen- 
trated near the Chancellor House. The enemy won some ground 
in this action, but gained no important advantage. At the same 
time Sedgwick, who had been left behind at Falmouth, perceiv- 
ing that the enemy had withdrawn nearly all his forces from 
Fredericksburg, crossed the river, stormed the heights above 
the city, and then (Sunday evening) advanced some distance 



War of the Rebellion. 59 

toward Chancellorsville along the plank road, where he encoun- 
tered a large force of the enemy, which lay directly between him 
and our main army. 

The Federal Army Recross the Rappahannock. 

On Monday, the enemy abandoning the attack on Hooker, 
turned upon Sedgwick and drove him back upon and out of the 
fortifications which he had captured. He fought with desperate 
valor, but had to give way before superior numbers and recross 
the river. Tuesday morning a severe rain-storm set in. General 
Hooker, becoming alarmed lest his pontoons should be carried 
away and thus his communications cut off, resolved to recross 
to his old position. The order was given Tuesday morning, 
roads were cut to the fords, and at ten o'clock at night the 
retreat was commenced apparently without being suspected by 
the enemy. By daylight the whole army, with its teams and 
artillery, were safely across the river. The Federal loss in the 
several actions was 1,512 killed, including Major-General Berry, 
9,518 wounded, and 5,000 missing; that of the enemy was 1,581 
killed, 8,700 wounded and 2,000 missing. 

Federal Cavalry Raids in Virginia. 

While General Hooker thus failed in accomplishing the object 
of his movement. General Stoneman was carrying terror to the 
very bounds of the Confederate capital itself. His expedition, 
consisting of a few thousand cavalry, got into the rear of Lee's 
army, temporarily severed its communications with Richmond, 
tore up bridges and a portion of railway, and destroyed a large 
amount of commissary stores. A regiment of the Ira Harris Light 
Cavalry, under General Kilpatrick, left the main body at Louisa 
Court House May 3d, reached Fredericksburg railroad the next 
morning, destroyed the depot and tore up the rails for miles; 
then pushing south went within two miles of Eichmond, and 
captured prisoners within its fortifications. Turning to the 
Chickahominy they burned a bridge, run a train of cars into the 
river, and burned another loaded with provisions. Resuming 
their raid on the 5th, they surprised a cavalry force 300 strong. 



60 Historical Sketch of fHE 

captured 35 men, burned a wagon train with 20,000 barrels of 
grain and a large amount of stores; eluded a superior force of 
the enemy's cavalry who were in pursuit, destroyed in the mean- 
time a third wagon train; and on the moruing of the 7th reach- 
ing our lines at Gloucester Point! The march of two hundred 
miles around the enemy's country was accomplished in less than 
five days, with a loss of but 1 officer and 37 men, while more 
than 300 prisoners were captured or paroled. 

Grierson's Raid from La Grange, Tenn. , to Baton Rouge, La. 
A still more brilliant cavalry exploit was achieved in the South- 
west, under command of Colonel Grierson. Leaving La Grange, 
in Tennessee, near the border of Mississippi, on the 17th of 
April, he traversed almost the entire length of the latter State, 
riding a distance of eight hundred miles, through the heart of 
the enemy's country, in fourteen days and arriving at Baton 
Rouge, La., May 2d. In this expedition over 500 prisoners 
and 1,200 horses were captured. Miles of rails on two important 
railroads were torn up, and stores to the value of $4,000,000 
were destroyed. 

The Confederate Forces Driven from Tennessee. 

The Army of the Cumberland remained comparatively inactive 
during the spring and early summer of 1863. Oa June 24th, 
however. General Rosecrans advanced from Murfreesboro against 
the enemy under Bragg. A series of sharp skirmishes ensued, 
but the enemy being out-manoeuvred, fell back to Tullahoma, 
where it was expected a stand would be made. Heavy rains im- 
peded the advance of our troops, who did not reach Tullahoma 
until the 1st of July, when it was found that the enemy had 
hastily abandoned their position the night before, leaving behind 
them strong fortifications, a small quantity of stores and the siege 
guns. The result of this advance was to drive Bragg completely 
out of Tennessee. Federal loss, 85 killed and 462 wounded. 
Confederate loss, 1,634 killed, wounded and prisoners. 



War of the Rebellion. 61 

Rout of the Confederates at Cape Girardeau, Mo. 

The Confedemtes under Geneml Marmaduke, about 8,000 

strong, appeared before Cape Girardeau, Mo., on the 26th of 

April, and made a demand for surrender. The commander of 

our forces. General McNeil, returned a defiant answer, when the 

enemy attacked in force. A hard fight, lasting three hours, 

ensued, resulting in their repulse with heavy loss. Our loss was 

less than 20 in killed and wounded. The enemy retreated, hotly 

pursued by our forces — the former being greatly demoralized 

and losing a large number of men by capture and otherwise in 

their flight. Confederate loss, GO killed and 275 wounded and 

missing. 

General Lee's Army in the Shenandoah Valley. 

While every thing promised well in the West, the prospect 
looked gloomy in the East. The failure of Hooker at Fredericks- 
burg, together with disloyal demonstrations in the North, greatly 
emboldened the enemy. Under the impression that he would 
find friends in Maryland and Pennsylvania, and believing there 
was nothing serious to fear from the Army of the Potomac, 
General Lee determined to cross the Potomac, threaten Wash- 
ington on its undefended side, and menace Baltimore and Phila- 
delphia. He left his position on the Eappahannock on June 9, 
1863, passed the rear of Hooker without being discovered, and 
entered the Shenandoah Valley. June 15th, his advance under 
General Ewell, suddenly appeared, before Winchester, Ya., which 
was held by General Milroy with about 7,000 men, with about 
an equal number distributed among different posts in the vicinity. 
General Milroy, deeming himself too weak too hold the position, 
determined to retreat; but the enemy pressing closely upon his 
rear, he was compelled to fight and fall back at the same time. 
The consequence was that the retreat degenerated into a rout; 
most of his artillery and ammunition fell into the hands of the 
enemy; while out of 7,000 troops with which he commenced his 
retreat, only some 2,000 succeeded in reaching the north side of 
the Potomac. Stragglers came in afterward, which reduced the 
loss to 3,000 in killed, wounded and prisoners. The Confederate 



62 HiSTOKiCAL Sketch of the 

loss was 850 killed, wounded and missing. On the 14th, the 
enemy's advance crossed the Potomac and marched upon Hagers- 
town, Md. 

The President Calls for Troops to Repel the Invasion. 

The invasion of our soil aroused the spirit of the North. The 
President issued a proclamation calling for 100,000 men for six 
months to repel the invasion. Of this number Maryland was to 
furnish 10,000, Pennsylvania 50,000, Ohio 30,000 and Western 
Virginia 10,000. New York was called upon to furnish 20,000 
men, and was the first to respond. In less than sixty hours 
from the date of the requisition, three regiments were on their 
way to the seat of war. Pennsylvania was less prompt, but finally 
became aroused and contributed generously toward expelling the 
invaders. Meanwhile the Confederates crossed the Potomac at 
other points and were spreading themselves in various directions 
through Pennsylvania and Maryland. They occupied Frederick 
City, Chambersburg, York, Gettsyburg and Carlisle, and ad- 
vanced witliin a few miles of Harrisburg on the 29th, captur- 
ing horses and cattle, rifling stores, burning rolling mills, de- 
stroying railroad tracks and devastating the country generally. 
Contributions were laid upon the people, but as a rule private 
property was respected. It was expected that Harrisburg would 
be attacked; but the movements of the Army of the Potomac 
compelled the Confederates to fall back and concentrate their 
forces. 

General George B. Meade Succeeds General Hooker. 

On the 27th the main body of the enemy crossed the Potomac 
into Maryland at Williamsport, and Lee took up his head-quar- 
ters at Hagerstown. Meanwhile our army in Virginia was not 
idle. It broke up its encampment on the Eappahannock on 
the 11th and 12th of June, and marched northward on a line 
nearly parallel with that of the enemy. Several brilliant skir- 
mishes between cavalry detachments took place — among them 
was one at Middleburg, Va., where our cavalry, under Pleasanton, 
gained an important advantage over the enemy under Stuart. 



War of the E-ebellion. 63 

A general engagement on the old Bull Rnn battle-ground was 
anticipated; but the Confederates succeeded in getting by our 
forces, turning northward and entering Maryland. The move- 
ments of the Federal forces were so successfully masked, that it 
was not known that the Army of the Potomac had crossed the 
river until the 27th, when its head-quarters were established in 
Frederick City. Here General Hooker was relieved (June 27th) 
and the command of the army Avas conferred upon General 
George B. Meade, of Pennsylvania. 

The Battle of Gettysburg, Penn. 
The next morning General Meade ordered the main body of 
the army to march north into Pennsylvania, in the direction of 
Harrisburg. Simultaneously with this, the enemy marched in 
the same direction; Gettysburg being the point at which both 
armies seemed likely to meet. The First and Eleventh corps of 
our army, under Reynolds and Howard, reached this place July 
1st, and found the enemy in force near the town. Reynolds 
opened the attack, but fell early in the action, his command de- 
volving on General Doubleday. The Eleventh corps soon be- 
came engaged, and fought with great bravery; but being out- 
numbered, fell back a short distance from the town, retaining a 
strong position. During the night the remainder of the army, 
with the exception of the Sixth corps, came up. The entire Con- 
federate army was also concentrated. Skirmishing began early 
on the morning of the 2d, but the enemy did not commence a 
serious attack until 4 p. m., when they opened a fierce cannonade 
on Cemetery Hill, the key of the Federal position, held by the 
Eleventh corps. 

The Federal Columns Waver under Confederate Assaults. 
This, however, proved to be a feint to cover an assault on 
our left, directed by Longstreet and Hill. Our columns began 
to waver, when Sedgwick opportunely arrived with the Sixth 
corps, which rushed into the fight and repelled the attack. 
It was near sunset; and the enemy made a determined attack 
on our right, which had been weakened to support our left and 



64: Historical Sketch of fHE 

center. The Fifth and Sixth corps came to the rescne, and the 
assault was checked. The battle continued until half-past nine 
p. M. when the Confederates made a final assault on our right and 
were repulsed. This closed the bloody work of the day. The 
battle was renewed on the morning of the 3d by General Slocum, 
to whom was assigned the duty of dislodging the enemy from a 
position gained the day before. The action commenced at day- 
break, raged with great fury for six hours, when the Confederates 
were forced to fall back, and General Slocum regained his former 
position. A short lull ensued, when at one p. m. the storm of 
battle burst forth anew. The enemy opened a terrific cannonade 
on our center, which was kept up for two hours. This was fol- 
fowed by a furious charge of infantry, which was unsuccessful. 

General Lee's Army Retreats to the Potomac. 

The Federal troops in turn resumed the offensive and drove the 
enemy back. The latter abandoned the field, and the battle was 
over and the victory won. Lee slowly retreated to the Potomac, 
leaving his dead and wounded on the field, but carrying off 
almost his entire train of artillery and a portion of his plunder. 
Eeaching the river and finding it impassable by reason of recent 
rains, he took a strong position on a neck of land — a position 
from which General Meade did not deem it prudent to attempt 
to dislodge him. He was seriously harassed, however, by our 
cavalry, before he gained this position, and several minor en- 
gagements ensued. Our forces, under Pleasanton, obtained a 
victory over the Confederates at Funkstown, July 8th, and cap- 
tured 600 prisoners; while General Buford gained another success 
at Boonsboro, the day following. Lee succeeded m recrossing the 
Potomac on the 14th, with the exception of a brigade (1,500) 
captured at Falling Waters, Mdc 

An Unparalleled Aggregate of Casualties. 

Our entire loss in this series of engagements was as follows: 
killed, 2,834; wounded, 13,709; missing, 6,643; total, 23,186. 
That of the enemy was 3,500 killed, 14,500 wounded and 13,621 
missinsr. In this battle 8 2:enerals were killed and 18 wounded. 



War of the Rebellion. 65 

The result of the campaign was most disastrous to the Oou- 
federates; followed as it was by the fall of Vicksburg and Port 
Hudson, it caused profound gloom throughout the entire South. 
Jeff. Davis ordered a day of humiliation and prayer; while the 
Confederate papers confessed that the future of the Confederacy 
looked dark. The Confederate loss in the series of engagements 
in the East and West, during the spring and early summer of 
1863, amounted to the enormous aggregate of 100,000 men, 300 
guns, and immense quantities of arms, ammunition, stores, etc., 
etc., a result hardly paralleled in the history of military cam- 
paigns. 

Defeat and Capture of General Morgan and his Cavalry. 

Simultaneously with Lee^s invasion of Maryland and Pennsyl- 
vania, General Morgan made a raid into Indiana and Ohio with 
a cavalry force of about 5,000. He met with considerable suc- 
cess at first; the people were alarmed; but an overwhelming- 
militia force was raised which moved against him, and soon 
drove him on the defensive. He tried to cross the river, but our 
gunboats intercepted him and drove him back. One thousand 
of his followers were captured at Buffington Island, Ohio, July 
18th; 300 more were captured on the following day; 1,500 more, 
including Basil Duke, were bagged at George's Creek, July 
20th; while Morgan himself and the remainder of his forces sur- 
rendered to General Shackleford at New Lisbon, Ohio, on the 

26th. 

Bombardment of Fort Sumter, S. O. 

A formidable expedition against Charleston was fitted out 
during the winter of 1863, and rendezvoused at Port Royal. 
From unaccountable causes it was not ready to operate until 
spring. April 7th the attack was opened by our naval forces 
under Admiral Dupont. The Federal land forces, under com- 
mand of General Hunter, were encamped on James Island, 
but did not participate. The attacking vessels were nine in 
number — eight of them monitors, and the Neio Ironsides, a 
large steamer with eighteen guns. They steamed past the 
9 



66 Historical Sketch of the 

batteries on Morris Island without encountering serious oppo- 
sition, and were to operate on the northwest front of Fort 
Sumter, at a distance of one thousand yards. The narrow 
channel leading to this position was obstructed by piles and 
chains, and the Weeliawken, which led the attack, got her pro- 
peller entangled in the network so that for a time her machinery 
was rendered useless. Finding it impossible to pass the obstruc- 
tions, the assault was commenced at another point. The Iron- 
sides, owing to her great depth of water, was unable to partici- 
pate, while the Keohuk, by reason of her greater speed, passed 
the other vessels and opened fire on Sumter, at a distance of 
four hundred yards. 

Operations against Fort Sumter Suspended. 
The whole fire from the forts and batteries was concentrated 
upon her. She was riddled with shot, withdrew from the action 
and soon sunk, a total loss. She was under fire only thirty 
minutes. The monitors meanwhile kept up a yigorous bom- 
bardment for an hour, when they were ordered to withdraw. 
No less than 3,500 shots were fired by the Confederates, 500 
of which took effect. None of the monitors were vitally injured, 
though the pilot-house of the JSfaliant was shattered, while the 
turrets of the Passaic and Weehawkeri Avere so indented as to 
interfere with their revolving. Two of the other vessels were 
more or less injured. The walls of Sumter were seriously 
damaged. Our entire loss was two men killed and twenty 
wounded. The ability of iron- clad vessels to withstand the fire 
of land batteries was clearly demonstrated. Active operations 
were suspended for some months. General Hunter was suc- 
ceeded by General Gilmore, and Admiral Dujiont by Admiral 
Dahlgren. July lOtli, our forces made a sudden attack on 
Morris Island; and so unexpected and successful was the on- 
slaught that all of the batteries on the lower end of the island 
were captured after a few hours^ fight. 



War of the Rebellion. 67 

Unsuccessful Federal Assault upon Fort Wagner, S. C. 

An attempt was made to capture Fort Wagner, and al- 
though some of the troops gained possession of the parapet, 
they were forced to retire before superior numbers. Another 
attempt to capture it was made on the 18th of July, but our 
forces were repulsed with a loss of nearly 1,000, including 
Colonel Shaw, of the Massachusetts colored regiment. General 
Gilmore now directed his attention to Fort Sumter, and com- 
menced the erection of batteries by which to cross-fire upon 
it, directly over Fort Wagner. The formal attack opened on 
the morning of the 17th of August, the navy co-operating 
by keeping up a bombardment on Forts Wagner and Gregg. 
Sumter was found to be perfectly within reach of our guns, 
although nearly two and a half miles distant. The fire was 
most accurate and disastrous. After two days' bombardment 
General Gilmore was able to announce that the fort was a 
'^ shapeless mass of ruins."' At this juncture he demanded of 
General Beauregard the immediate evacuation of Morris Island 
and Fort Sumter, and gave notice that in default of compliance 
he would open fire on Charleston. The latter sent an impudent 
message in reply, quibbling about '^ informality, ''' protesting 
against the short time allowed for the removal of non-com- 
batants and threatening to retaliate. 

Greek Fire Thrown into Charleston, S. C 

General Gilmore, however, sent his compliments to the city in 
the shape of "^ Greek fire," which created the utmost consterna- 
tion; whereupon a protest was also issued by the Spanish and 
British consuls against the shortness of the notice. Our com- 
mander answered, justifying his order, and gave notice that the 
bombardment would be suspended for two days. But fire was 
not renewed; and although Fort Sumter was virtually demol- 
ished, the enemy refused to surrender it. It was further bom- 
barded on the 31st of August, and an attempt was made by the 
Federal forces to take it by storm; some two hundred picked men 
advanced upon it in small boats, while our guns peppered away 



6S Historical Sketch of the 

at its demolished walls. The enemy were, however, prepared; a 
portion of our forces landed, but were driven back, some fifty of 
them being captured. Meanwhile the siege of Fort Wagner 
progressed. On the 1st of September, seventy-five of the enemy's 
sharpshooters were captured within their rifle pits before 
the works. Finally, on the night of the 6th, our parallels hav- 
ing approached to within a hundred yards of the fort, and our 
guns so placed as to look into it, the Confederates evacuated it, 
as they did also Fort Grregg. This gave us entire possession of 
Morris Island, and enabled us to operate against Fort Moultrie 
and the other works on Sullivan's Island. These were vigor- 
ously bombarded, but although seriously injured they were not 
reduced. 

Quantrell's Guerillas Attack Lawrence, Kansas. 

Important events were at the same time transpiring west of 
the Mississippi. On the night of August 21st, the city of Law- 
rence, Kansas, was attacked by a body of guerillas, three hun- 
dred strong, under the command of the notorious Quantrell, from 
the borders of Missouri. The attack was sudden and wholly unex- 
pected. A great portion of the town was burned, and one hun- 
dred and forty of the inhabitants butchered and twenty-four 
wounded. The desperadoes left before daylight in small squads, 
hotly pursued by our forces. Most of the plunder which they 
carried off was recaptured, and nearly fifty of their number killed. 
The affair created intense excitement, and the people of the sur- 
rounding villages and towns generally rushed to arms. 
Federal Campaign in the Red River Country. 

Meanwhile our forces under Generals Steele and Blunt were 
penetrating into the heart of Arkansas. August 25th, the for- 
mer attacked the enemy (under Price) at Borden ville, and drove 
them out of the place with considerable loss. The latter were 
much demoralized, and retreated rapidly in the direction of Little 
Kock. Here they intrenched themselves and prepared to offer 
battle, but the approach of our forces produced such a discour- 
aging effect upon them that they abandoned it on September 10th 



War of the Rebellion. 69 

when it fell into our hands. Price, who commanded the enemy, 
rapidly retreated toward Texas, followed by our advance under 
General Davidson. At the same time, General Blunt was operat- 
ino- with equal success farther west. He crossed the Arkansas 
river August 23d and offered battle to the Confederate Generals 
Steele and Cooper, who had massed 11,000 men on his front. 
After a faint show of resistance, the enemy commenced a retreat, 
which soon turned into a disorderly flight. They abandoned all 
their property. General Blunt pursued them a hundred miles 
south of the Arkansas to Perryville, which is only fifty miles 
from the lied river. At this point he captured and destroyed 
their commissary depot. They continued their flight to Boggy 
depot, on Red river, while he marched on Fort Smith, which fell 
without a struggle. The entire Indian Territory was cleared of 
Confederates, while Western, Central and Northern Arkansas 
was virtually brought under the dominion of the Federal power. 
The people generally hailed our forces as deliverers, and thou- 
sands enlisted in the Federal ranks. 

The Invasion of Missouri in the Fall of 1863. 
A force of Confederates some 3,000 strong, under General 
Shelby, invaded Missouri in early October, and perpetrated 
the most outrageous barbarities on the people. They occu- 
pied Greenfield, where they burned the court-house and other 
buildings, and advanced upon Warsaw where they were met by 
the Home Guards and a small force under Colonel Phelps. A 
spirited engagement ensued, our troops falling back. They then 
struck for the Pacific railroad, destroyed portions of the track, 
attacked the train, cut the telegraph wires and committed other 
depredations. General Brown pursued them with a considerable 
force, overtook them on the 13th of October, and brought them 
to a decisive engagement. The fight was obstinate and lasted 
five hours. The Confederates were finally completely routed and 
scattered in all directions, with the loss of their artillery and 
baggage and a large number of small arms and prisoners. They 
were closely pursued by our forces, and fled in confusion toward 



70 Historical Sketch of the 

the south. The '' invasion " proved a failure, the enemy obtain- 
ing neither booty nor glory. 

General Lee Prevented from Reinforcing General Bragg. 

After the retreat of General Lee across the Potomac, no im- 
portant events transpired for several weeks. General Meade 
recrossed into Virginia and slowly advanced toward the Rap- 
pahannock. The enemy were scattered from the Blue Kidge in 
the west to Front Royal in the east. Several skirmishes occurred 
between cavalry, in one of which, near White Sulphur Springs, 
our forces under General Averill, captured a number of prisoners. 
The saltpetre works, near Pendleton, were destroyed. Our 
troops under Buford and Gregg advanced as far as the Rapidan, 
crossed it and occupied Orange Court-House. The object was 
not to march upon Richmond, but to divert Lee and prevent 
his sending reinforcements to General Bragg. Finding the 
enemy in strong position and apprehensive that his communica- 
tions might be interfered with General Meade determined to fall 
back. The retreat was made deliberately and in good order. 
The Confederates, taking advantage of our retrogade move- 
ment, fell upon General Gregg's command in overwhelming 
numbers and attempted to destroy him. At one time they suc- 
ceeded in completely flanking him, but he cut his way out and 
rejoined the main body of our army. 

The Federal Army Fall Back to Prevent a Flank Movement. 

The enemy closely followed us, harassing our rear and en- 
deavoring to flank us. On the morning of October 13th, they 
attacked our Second corps, under General Warren, who pro- 
tected the rear, near Bristoe Station. Our troops turned upon 
their assailants and gave them battle. The fight raged with 
great fury for some time, our forces successfully repelling the 
efforts of the enemy to break their lines and committing great 
havoc in their ranks. Reinforced by Sykes' division, the Federal 
forces assumed the offensive, charged uj^on the enemy, captured 
a battery of six guns and a Confederate brigade, numbering 
about 500 men. We remained masters of the field, most of the 



War of the Kebellion. 71 

enemy's dead and wounded falling into our hands. Late in the 
afternoon Lee made a desperate attempt to flank General Meade 
by getting into his rear by way of Fairfax Court-Honse. In 
this he was unsuccessful, as General Meade anticipated the 
enemy by falling rapidly back to the coveted spot, thus effectu- 
ally checking the movement. Federal loss, 51 killed and 329 
wounded. That of the Confederates was 750 killed and wounded 
and 450 missing. General Meade fell back to the vicinity of 
Bull Eun, where he awaited an attack from Lee. The latter, 
however, declined to risk a battle, contenting himself with mak- 
ing a vigorous demonstration in our front, while he devoted 
himself to destroying the Orange and Alexandria railroad. 

General Lee's Army Recross the Rapidan. 

Having accomplished this, he fell back rapidly toward the 
Rappahannock. On Sunday night, October 13th, his advance 
reached the river, and on the day following, his entire army had 
crossed the Rapidan and re occupied its old position. General 
Meade started in pursuit, but the enemy had got back to their 
old intrenchments and the chase was discontinued. Subse- 
quently a portion of the enemy, consisting of infantry and cav- 
alry, recrossed the Rappahannock, attacked General Gregg^s 
cavalry, and drove him back to near Bealton Station. The 
fight was here continued with additional forces on our side, 
when the enemy withdrew. On the 18th, General Imboden 
attacked a small garrison at Charlestown, W.Va., and captured it. 
He was immediately pursued by our forces at HarjDcr's Ferry, 
and driven out of and ten miles beyond the town. On the 
whole, the campaign was an unprofitable one for the Confeder- 
ates. They failed in capturing our supply train, while their 
defeat at Bristoe Station changed the programme of operations. 
The entire Federal loss in killed, wounded and prisoners did not 
exceed 1,800. 

The Confederates Evacuate Chattanooga, Tenn. 

An important movement of the Federal forces in Tennessee 
took place toward the end of the summer of 18G3. A portion of 



72 HiSTOKicAL Sketch of -the 

General Eosecrans' army, under G-eneral Wilder, appeared before 
Chattanooga on the 21st of August, and commenced shelling it. 
The enemy's works were found to be very strong, and though no 
formal attack was made General Eosecrans so manoeuvred as to 
compel them to evacuate the ]3lace, which was done hastily, but 
in comparative good order. The Federal forces crossed the river 
below Chattanooga, and a movement into Georgia was soon after 
made. Our advance marched some seven or eight miles, when the 
enemy were discovered in large force near LaFayette. The latter, 
having been largely reinforced, determined to attack General 
Eosecrans. He, suspecting their design, ordered a reconnoissance 
toward Einggold on the 18th of September, to ascertain their 
l^osition. It soon became evident that they intended, if possible, 
to flank him and get between his army and Chattanooga. Our 
cavalry skirmished during the day with the enemy, issuing from 
the gaps of the Pigeon Mountains, but no serious collision oc- 
curred. On the night of the 18th, the divisions of Brennan and 
Baird, of Thomas' corps, together with a portion of McCook's 
corps, moved from the center to the left of Crittenden's corps, 
and were in their new position by daybreak. 

The Battle of Chickamauga, Tenn. 
The morning of the 19th (Saturday) passed without forewarn- 
ing of the approaching conflict, but shortly before eleven o'clock 
a long line of Confederate infantry was seen advancing upon our 
extreme left. It forced Craxton's brigade back, but two other 
brigades coming to its assistance the enemy were driven back, 
but they in turn being reinforced, returned to the charge with 
wild yells, pushing Brennan beyond his position in the line, 
and uncovering the left of Baird's division. Promptly chang- 
ing their course they soon enveloped Scribner's and King's 
brigades. They next assailed Johnson's division, rolling it 
back upon Eeynolds', which also became involved. The latter, 
however, rallied and arrested the Confederate advance. Bren- 
nan's and Baird's divisions having been rallied, a general ad- 
vance was ordered by General Thomas, when the tide of battle 



Wak of the Rebellion. Y3 

was turned in our favor. Several guns taken by the enemy 
were recaptured, and by four p. m. all the lost ground was recov- 
ered. At the same time the main body of the Confederate army, 
under Bragg, made an attack on our center. Our line wavered for 
a time, but relief coming, the enemy were checked. They again 
rallied and again threw our center into confusion, but the di- 
visions of Wood and iS'egley coming to the rescue, the threatened 
disaster was averted and the enemy repulsed. 

Terrific Onslaught of Longstreet's and Hill's Corps. 
The two armies rested on the field during the night and the 
battle was renewed the following morning. The Confederates 
opened fire about nine o^clock, and at ten the fight became gen- 
eral. The Federal artillery was jolanted upon higher ground in 
the rear, and fired over the infantry, and destructive as the fire 
from small arms and cannon was, it did not stay the advance of 
the enemy. At times they staggered, but only to rally and push 
forward again toward our line. With frantic yells, Longstreet's 
and Hill's corps both came rolling steadily on, in columns by 
battalions. Our center, weakened to the extent of almost one- 
third, was not strong enough for success in this unequal contest. 
Closer and closer approached the shouting hostile masses, and 
at last forced Brennan^s division to yield its position. General 
Reynolds being sorely joressed, General Ward went to his relief, 
but he was unable to withstand the onslaught, and his line broke 
in confusion. The enemy, taking advantage of the breach caused 
by shifting positions from one part of the field to the other, made 
a most murderous onslaught, when our left and right became 
demoralized, and some of the men ran panic-stricken from the 

field. 

The Federal Army fall back on Chattanooga, Tenn 

The corps of General Thomas did much toward retrieving the 
disaster of the day. His troops were formed in two lines, and 
firing one after the other, they kept up an unbroken fusilade with 
telling effect. The enemy, consisting of Polkas corps, were not 
only repelled, but thrown into such disorder that Turchin's bri- 
10 



74: HiSTOKICAL SivETCH OF fHE 

gacle and other portions of tlie line followed, and we took several 
hundred jDrisoners. Toward sunset the enemy -were driven back 
to the jDosition they took when filing out of LaFayette road, and 
abandoned the contest. Another effort was made by the Con- 
federates to break our lines, but it did not succeed. Our army 
fell back in good order toward Chattanooga, bringing away most 
of our w^ounded. The Federal loss was 1,644 killed, 9,262 
wounded and 4,945 missing. Confederates, 2,389 killed, 13,412 
wounded and 2,003 missing. Eighteen generals were among 
the killed or wounded. There was some skirmishing on the 
20th, but the enemy did not deem it prudent to attack. 

General Thomas in Command of the Army of the Cumberland. 

Matters remained in statu quo for some time. The Confederates 
occupied Lookout Mountain, from whence they attempted to shell 
our camp, but failed. General Eosecrans was superseded and 
General Thomas assigned to the command of the army of the 
Cumberland, wdiile General Grant was invested with the supreme 
command of the armies of the Mississippi and in Tennessee. 
Our position at Chattanooga was becoming critical, our commu- 
nications being threatened and the enemy endeavoring to flank 
us. On the 25th of October a detachment of the Eleventh Ohio 
floated fifty pontoons down the river in face of the Confederate 
sharpshooters, landed at Brown's Ferry, surprised the enemy and 
drove them from the ridge on the north side. By this move- 
ment, the obstructions to steamboat navigation were removed, 
and communication opened with Bridgeport. On the 27th, 
General Smith executed some manoeuvres near the mouth of 
Lookout valley, which were of great importance, inasmuch as 
two wagon roads were secured, and also the further use of the 
river. The Confederates determined to dislodge General Hooker 
from the positions thus attained, for if successfully held, the 
further occupation of Lookout Mountain by them was out of the 
question, it being completely flanked. They therefore made an 
attack at midnight, October 28th, but after a severe fight were 
completely repulsed. 



War of the Kebellion. 75 

General Burnside Conquers Sast Tennessee. 

Meanwhile, G-eneral Barnsicle was marching against East 
Tennessee, at the head of a considerable army. After a tedious 
mountain march, he took possession of Kingston, forty miles 
south-west of Knoxville, September 2d, a very important point, 
being no less than the key to the whole northern portion of the 
valley. From Kingston he pushed on to London, where, after 
a sharp fight, tlie enemy was completely routed. He occupied 
Knoxville on the 4th, but slight resistance being made. His 
reception was a grand ovation, one of the features of which was a 
procession of women a mile long. Cumberland Gap surrendered 
unconditionally on the 0th. Two thousand men and fourteen 
pieces of artillery were taken. Bristol was also occupied by us — 
a most important point, it being the junction of the Virginia 
and Tennessee railway, extending from Bristol to Lynchburgh, 
and the East Tennessee and Virginia railroad, running from 
Bristol to Knoxville, and commanding the western portions of 
Virginia and North Carolina, as well as East Tennessee. The 
enemy retreated rapidly toward Chattanooga — thus giving us 
possession, after a slight struggle, of the whole of East Tennessee. 
General Burnside, instead of proceeding south as was expected, 
pushed east, for the purpose of intercei^ting reinforcements for 
Bragg from General Lee. He j^i'oceeded as far as Jonesboro', 
nearly eighty miles from Knoxville, which he occupied without 
meeting much resistance. 

Forward Movement of the Army of the Potomac. 

The predictions that the army of the Potomac were to go into 
winter quarters in early November were falsified. On Saturday, 
November 7th, 1863, General Meade ordered a forward movement. 
General Sedgwick, commanding the right wing, advanced on the 
enemy, intrenched at Kappahannock Kailroad Crossing, and at- 
tacked them. A desperate battle ensued, our forces carried the 
heights by storm, ca2:)tured their artillery, and produced a per- 
fect panic among the enemy, who fled in disorder across the river. 
The Federal loss was 370 killed or wounded. Confederates, 11 



76 Historical Sketch of the 

killed, 98 wounded and 1,629 missing. At the same time, Gen- 
eral French attacked the Confederates at Kelly's Ford, some few- 
miles below, whipped and drove them across fche river, capturing 
several hundred prisoners. On the morning of the 8th, the two 
corps crossed the river and united their forces at Brandy Station. 
The rest of the army followed, the enemy rapidly falling back 
toward and across the Kapidan. 

Confederate Rifle Pits Carried by Assault. 
At the same time the prospects of a great battle at Chatta- 
nooga became imminent. The threatening movements of Long- 
street against Knoxville rendered a bold stroke on the j^art of Gen- 
eral Grant imperative. Accordingly, on November 23d, our forces, 
under Generals Wood and Sheridan, of the Fourth army corps, 
commanded by General Alger, made a reconnoissance to ascertain 
the strength of the enemy; and, if possible, also to occupy and 
hold the knolls in front of our left, between our lines and 
Missionary Ridge. The principal attack was made by General 
Hazen's brigade, commanded by that general, supported on the 
left by General Willich's brigade, and on the right by the whole 
division of General Sheridan. At two p. m. the lines of General 
Hazen became hotly engaged, while our artillery ojDened on the 
Confederate rifle pits at camp behind the line of fighting. Our 
troops rapidly advancing as if on j^arade, occupied the knolls 
upon which they were directed, at twenty minutes i:)ast two. Ten 
minutes later. General Willich, driving across an open field, car- 
ried the rifle pits in his front, whose occupants fled as they fired 
their last volley; and General Sheridan, moving through the forest 
that stretched before him, drove in the enemy's pickets and halted 
his advance, in obedience to orders, on reaching the rifle pits, 
where the Confederate force waited for his attack. No such at- 
tack was made, however, the desire being to recover the heights 
on our left, but not to assault the enemy's works. We captured 
about 200 prisoners and gained a most important position . 



War of the Rebellion. 77 

Federal Assault on Missionary Ridge, Tenn. 
On the 24:th, General Hooker made an attack on the enemy 
at Lookout Mountain, and after a severe engagement, suc- 
ceeded in capturing its northern slope. Our loss was small; 
that of the enemy heavy, including 500 to GOO prisoners. At 
the same time General Sherman crossed the river at the mouth 
of the South Chickamauga, with three divisions of the Fifteenth 
and one division of the Fourteenth corps, and after an obstinate 
engagement, carried the northern extremity of Missionary Ridge. 
During the night, the enemy evacuated Lookout Mountain, and 
fell back toward Chickamauga. At eight o'clock. General Sher- 
man began the assault upon the strong j)osition of the enemy at 
the northern end of Missionary Ridge. The brigade of General 
Corse, with a portion of another brigade, composed the storm- 
ing party in the first assault. They were repulsed with a heavy 
loss, after an attack persisted in for one hour; but being rein- 
forced, they were enabled to hold a part of the hill. In this at- 
tack General Corse was severely wounded. A second assault 
was made at half-past one, in which Mathias', Loomis' and RaaFs 
divisions were engaged. The force reached within twenty yards 
of the summit of the hill and the works of the enemy, when they 
were flanked, and broke, retiring to their reserves. The enemy 
massed heavily on his right, in order to hold a position of so 
much importance. About three p.m.. General Grant started two 
columns against the weakened center, and in an hour's des- 
perate fighting, succeeded in breaking the center and gaining 
possession of the ridge on which the enemy was posted. 

Complete Rout of the Confederate forces. 
The main force was driven northward toward General Sherman, 
who opened on them, and they were forced to break and seek safety 
in disordered flight down the western slope of the ridge, and 
across the western ridge of the Chickamauga. Our troops ex- 
hibited almost unexampled pluck and daring. On one occasion 
the men (of Wood and Sheridan's divisions), excited by their 
success in carrying the rifle pits on the slope of Missionary Ridge, 



78 Historical Sketch of the 

which they had been ordered to take at all hazards, rushed up 
the precipice beyond and carried the crest of the hill, capturing 
some thirty cannon and thousands of jDrisoners. The enemy 
was hotly pursued, and fled panic stricken before our pursuing 
squadrons. The pursuit was continued on the 26th, the enemy 
burning the bridges and destroying their supply depots behind 
them. Arms were thrown away, knapsacks were abandoned, 
camp equipages were left behind, and all the signs of a rout 
were manifest. The enemy were pursued as far as Ringgold, Ga. 
where an engagement took place between Hooker's advance and 
the Confederate rear — one or two of our regiments being 
severely handled. Bragg continued his flight toward Dalton, 
Ga., and our forces having destroyed the Confederate manu- 
factories, etc., of Ringgold, evacuated the place. Our entire loss 
in the series of engagements was 757 killed, 4,529 wounded and 
330 missing; that of the enemy was 361 killed, 2,181 wounded and 
6,142 missing. We also captured over 50 pieces of cannon and 
7,000 stand of small arms. Altogether the victory was one of 
the most decisive of tlie war. 

General Burnside evacuates Lenoir, N. C. 
The position of General Burnside in East Tennessee became 
critical. The enemy, smarting under the loss of this fruitful 
country, determined to crush him. Accordingly a large force, 
under command of General Longstreet, marched against him. 
This force crossed the Tennessee November 14th. It was at- 
tacked the same day by Burnside, who drove the advance 
back to within a mile of the river. The remainder of the Con- 
federate forces crossed during the night and attacked Burnside 
on the morning of the 15th, compelling him to fall back to 
Lenoir. The enemy again attacked him on the night of the 
same day, but were handsomely repulsed. Burnside evacuated 
Lenoir on the 16th, but being pressed by the enemy gave them 
battle at Campbell's Station, in the afternoon of that day. The 
fight lasted until dark. Our first position commanded the road 
from both sides; the infantry deployed in front of this, and 



War of the Rebellion. 79 

were soon attacked by the enemy, who made several gallant 
charges, and finally succeeded, by outflanking our men, in driv- 
ing them to the cover of the batteries, which now opened a 
terrific and destructive fire. The Confederates retired before it, 
gave way, and eventually fell back to the river. It was now 
three o'clock in the afternoon, and the enemy showing a desire 
to renew the attack, and having brought three batteries to their 
assistance. General Burnside fell back to a more desirable 
position and again gave battle. The contest continued until 
night, when it closed with our troops in possession of the field. 
The Federal Army fall back to Knoxville, Tenn. 
General Burnside gradually fell back upon Knoxville, the 
enemy following. He reached the city on the 17th, and disposed 
his little army in line of battle around its outskirts, to await the 
attack of the Confederates. The latter made their appearance 
in the afternoon, when skirmishing commenced, followed by a 
sharp engagement on the Clinton road. A more serious attack 
was made on our forces on the 18th, in which we lost heavily. 
The Confederates now closely invested the place, blockading the 
roads and planting batteries on the surrounding heights. Sev- 
eral minor engagements occurred, and on the 25th — the ninth 
day of the siege — our forces were attacked by the enemy, who 
had crossed the Holston river a few nights before. A severe fight 
ensued when the latter were repulsed, with a loss of 150 killed 
and a large number wounded. A portion of the city, including 
the East Tennessee and Georgia railroad depot, was burned about 
the same time. 

Retreat of the Confederate Army under Longstreet. 
On the 28th, the enemy made a general attack on our skirmish- 
ing line, and on the morning of the next day charged in force 
on General Foster's position at Fort Saunders. They were met 
midway by a most murderous discharge of grape and canister 
and the steady fire of the rifle pits, under which they faltered, 
and finally fell back in broken fragments, leaving two colonels, 
several captains, and in all over 100 dead on the field. A con- 



80 Historical Sketch of the 

siderable lorce reached the foot of the parapets, only to tumble 
into a ten-foot ditch surrounding the fort, where the wounded, 
dead and living, were piled in an indistinguishable mass. We 
captured 234 prisoners. Their loss was not less than 700, while 
ours alone did not exceed 50. General Burnside offered a truce 
to General Longstreet to bury his dead, which was accepted. 
The enemy made an unsuccessful attack on General Burnside on 
December 3d. Reinforcements for the latter having in the 
meantime arrived, the Confederate commander hastily raised 
the siege on the 4th, and rapidly retreated toward Virginia. 
The Army of the Potomac cross the Rapidan. 
The morning of Xoveniber 26th, the army of the Potomac 
broke camp and made an important ^^ forward movement" 
toward the south. It moved in three columns for three differ- 
ent fords on the Rapidan. The right, consisting of the Third 
corps, supported by the Sixth, crossed at Jacobus Ford; the 
Second corps, forming the center, at Germania Ford, and the 
left, consisting of the Fifth, supported by the First, at Culpeiiper 
Ford. Early Friday morning, the 27th, the whole army was over 
the river, having encountered but little opposition. Thursday 
night or Friday our cavalry occupied Fredericksburg Heights, 
which had previously been abandoned by the enemy, and one corps 
of the army moved there after effecting the crossing of the Rapidan. 
On Friday morning the line of battle was formed, the center 
resting on the Fredericksburg turnpike, near Robertson's tavern, 
the left curving toward Gordons ville, the right resting near 
the Rapidan, south-west of Jacob's Ford. General Gregg's cav- 
alry was stationed on the left, and in moving forward encoun- 
tered Confederate cavalry, which it drove back on its infantry 
supports, and then returned to the Fifth corps, which imme- 
diately advanced, drove back the Confederate infantry, and took 
up its position. 

The Federal Army fall back to Brandy Station. 
The center likewise met with but little resistance, the enemy 
fallins: back two miles toward Orange Court-House. A severe 



War of the Rebellion. 81 

engagement, however, took place on the right. General Prince's 
division of the Third corps had the advance, and was encoun- 
tered by Swell's corps before it had formed a junction with the 
center; at first the tide of battle went rather against them, but 
they soon reversed it, and when reinforced by the remainder of 
the corps, and afterward by the Sixth, the enemy was driven 
completely off the field, and the wing encamped six miles beyond 
Locust Grove. The enemy then fell back to the other side of 
Mine Run Valley, which divided the two armies. The valley 
runs north and south, the Confederate army lying on the east, 
the Federal on ,the west. Our forces were drawn up in line of 
battle, but General Meade finding the enemy strongly intrenched, 
and the ground unfavorable for offensive purposes, deemed it 
impracticable to make the attack. The afternoon of December 
1st, the order to fall back was given, and on the evening of that 
day the retrogade movement commenced. This was effected 
without loss, either of men or material; and on the afternoon 
of December 2d, the army was back to its old place at Brandy 
Station. 

General Banks' Expedition against Texas. 

Toward the end of October, an expedition sailed from ]N"ew 
Orleans, under command of General Banks, for the Texan coast. 
Its destination was a secret. The fleet consisted of the best 
vessels ever before numbered in an expedition — all seaworthy, 
in every particular, except two or three small steamers taken 
along for coast and river service. On the 30th, a heavy norther 
separated the fleet, during which the little steamer Union and two 
schooners sank. No lives were lost. When forty miles off the 
coast, two Confederate deserters were picked up in a small boat, 
nearly dead from exhaustion. As the fleet approached the coast, 
signal-fires w^ere kindled, and the smoke could be seen rising up 
in lines, which proved its purpose to be to carry the intelligence 
to a far distance. The first steamer, with the Nineteenth Iowa, 
crossed the Brazos Santiago bar on the morning of November 2cl. 
Vessels with the Thirteenth and Fifteenth Maine soon followed, 
and the latter was the first to land, and theirs was the first flag 
11 



82 Historical Sketch of' the 

raised. November 4th, our forces landed on the Texas shore of 
the Rio Grande, a boat^s crew being drowned while disembark- 
ing. The enemy, observing onr approach, evacuated Fort Brown 
and set fire to the works there. Brownsville was also set fire to 
by a few Confederate cavalry, but the Union men turned out to 
extinguish it, when the Confederate cavalry were joined by the 
Secessionists in the town, and a terrific street fight was going on, 
with the houses burning around the combatants. On the 14th, 
General Banks sailed from Brazos and took possession of Corpus 
Christi Pass. He had with him a fleet of six steamships. On 
the 17th, he surprised the garrison at Arkansas Pass, and forced 
its surrender, capturing 13 officers, 90 men, 4 guns, 1 schooner, 
and a quantity of arms and ammunition. 

Operations of Confederate Privateers during 1863. 

The captures of the Confederate privateers during 1863 were 
estimated at 180 vessels, the tonnage of which amounted tc 
80,899 tons, and whose value was estimated at $30,000,000, 
The Alabama, especially, carried on her work of devastation 
with a high and energetic hand. On the 8th of February she 
burned the ship Falmoutli and on the 21st she destroyed the 
Golden Eagle and Alice Jane; on the 23d of March she burned 
the King Fisher; on the 24th the Benjamin Thayer, and on the 
25th the Charles Hill and Nora; on the 4th of April she de- 
stroyed the Louisa Hatch; on the 15th the shijos Lafayette and 
Kate Cary, and on the 26th the Dorcas Prince; on the 3d of 
May she destroyed the Sea Lark and Union Jack, and on the 
29th the Jahez Snoio; on the 19th of June she captured the Con- 
rad and converted her into a privateer; on the 2d of July she 
captured the Anna F. Sclimidt, and on the 4th burned the ship 
Express; on the 5tli of August she captured the Sea Bride and 
one or two other vessels at Table Bay, South Africa; she sub- 
sequently arrived at Cape Town, where she was treated with 
great distinction by the British residents, and where her captain 
and officers were feted and lionized; on the 7th of October she 
destroyed the ships Winged Rover and Amanda near Java. 



War of the Rebellion. 83 

The pirate Florida was equally active. On the 22d of January 
she burned the ship Windivard, and on the 23d the Corriss Ann; 
on the 21st of February she destroyed the Jacob Bell; on the 27th of 
March she captured and converted the Lapwing into a privateer, 
and on the 30th she destroyed the ship L. M. Calcord; on the 
23d of April she burned the ship Henrietta, and on the 24th the 
ship Oneida; on the 6th of May she captured the brig Clarence 
and converted her into a privateer; on the 13th she burned the 
Croiun Point; on the 6th of June she burned the ship Soutliern 
Gross; on the 14th the Red Gauntlet; on the 16th the B. F. Hoxie, 
and on the 27th she captured and bonded the V. H. Hill; on the 
8th of July she captured the W. B. Nash; on the 5th of August 
she captured the S. B. Ctttting, and on the 21st burned the 
Anglo Saxon, oS the English coast. The pirate Georgia, which 
left Glasgow, Scotland, on the 28th of March, also done our 
commerce much damage as did also the Clarence, Retrihution 
and other Confederate " privateers." 

Operations of the Federal Blockading Fleet. 
The following embrace the most important captures made dur- 
ing the year 1863. January 17th, Huntress burned in Charleston 
harbor; 22d, Pearl captured by the Tioga; 29th, Princess Royal 
captured off Charleston; February 24th, Queen of the Wave de- 
stroyed in Charleston harbor; 25th, Peterhoff captured by the 

Vanderhilt; 27th, Nashville destroyed in Ogeechee river, Georgia; 
March 9th, Douro captured by the Quaker City; 19th, Georgiana 
destroyed near Charleston; 21st, Nicholas /, captured off New 
Inlet, N. C. ; 22d, Granite City captured by the Tioga; 25th, 
Dolphin captured by the Wachusett; 28th, Aries captured by the 
Stettin; April 11th, Leopard destroyed off Charleston; 17th, 
Alabama captured in Mobile Bay; 18th, St. John captured by 
the Stettin; 25th, Tuhal Cain seized in New York; May 10th, 

West Florida destroyed by the Owasco; 17th, Cuba destroyed by 
the Be Soto; 18th, Fagle captured by the Octorora; 19th, Union 
captured by the Huntsville; 20th, Norseman wrecked in Charles- 
ton harbor; 29th, Hero captured; June 5th, Stono [J. P. Smith) 



84 Historical Sketch of- the 

sunk off Charleston; lOtli, Haveloch sunk off Charleston; 11th, 
Herald sunk off Charleston, Calypso captured by the Florida; 
loth. Planter captured by the Lackaioana; 20th, Banshee burned 
in Wilmington harbor; 21st, Victory captured by the Sa7itiago 
de Ciiha; 25th, Britannia captured by the Santiago de Cuba; 
July loth, Lizzie captured by the Santiago de Cuba; 17th, William 
Bagley and James Battle captured; 19th, Raccoon destroyed off 
Charleston; 24th, Kate Dales and Emma captured; August 8th, 
Robert Habercliam destroyed in Savannah river; 18th, Alice 
Vivian captured by the De Soto; 23d, Hebe destroyed off Wil- 
mington; September 12th, Fox, Alabama, and Montgomery cap- 
tured; 13th, Juintcr destroyed in Warsaw sound; 16th, Lizzie 
Davis captured by the San Jacinto; 23d, Phantom destroyed by 
Connecticut; 24th, Southern Merchant captured; 25th, Diamond 
captured by the Stettin; 28th, Herald captured by the Tioga; 
October 11th, Spaulding {St. John) captured by the transport 
Union; 11th, Douro destroyed by the Nansemond; 15th, Mail 
captured by the Honduras; 16th, Scottish Chief burned near 
Tampa, Fla.; 21st, Venus destroyed by the Nansemond; 31st, 
Alma captured by the Stettin; November 5th, Margaret and 
Jessie captured by the Fulton, transport; 8th, Cornubia captured 
by the James Adger; 9th, R. E. Lee captured by the James 
Adger, and the Ella and Anna captured by the Niphon; 10th, 
Ella {Republic) captured by Howqua; 21st, Banshee captured by 
the Fulton, transport; 30th, Tlie Ceres {Anglo Rebel) destroyed 
by Aries and Violet, and the Chatliam captured by the Aurora; 
December 9th, Minna captured by the Circassian; 19th, Beaure- 
gard runs ashore near Wilmington. 

Before Charleston at the Close of 1863. 
The attack on Charleston continued, with no immediate pros- 
pect of decisive results. General Gilmore was active, but the 
fleet remained passive, and appearances were that such would be 
the condition for some time to come. A deplorable disaster oc- 
curred to the monitor Weehawken on December 6th. A heavy 
north-west wind prevailed at the time, and the vessel, lying at 



War of the Rebellion. 85 

the entrance of Charleston harbor, went down at her anchorage, 
carrying with her, to a horrible death beneath the waves, 4 of 
her engineers and 26 of the crew. The cause of her sinking 
was not definitely ascertained, though it was charged that her 
hatches had been left open. 

The Advance of the Federal Army attacked by Longstreet. 

Contrary to general expectation, General Longstreet, instead 
of continuing his retreat to Virginia, turned upon his pursuers, 
placed Cumberland in his front, and attacked our advance under 
General Shackleford. Line of battle was formed at Beans' Sta- 
tion on the Cumberland Gap and Morristown road, and a fight 
ensued which continued until night-fall, when the enemy had suc- 
ceeded in driving the Union forces about half a mile. Colonels 
Woolford, Graham, Foster and others were engaged. The whole 
movement was made with a well-contrived plan to cut off and 
capture General Shackleford and his command, and a heavy 
force of Confederate cavalry moved down the left bank of the 
Holston river, with the intention of crossing at Kelly's Ford and 
getting in his rear. That portion of the programme, however, 
was checked by General Ferrero, who sent the brigade of Gen- 
eral Humphreys to hold the ford. 

General Averill's Raid in South-Western Virginia. 

General Averill made an extensive raid into Western and 
South-Western Virginia, about the middle of December. He left 
New Creek, on the upper Potomac, on the 8th, moved along the 
eastern slope of the Alleganies, and reached Covington also on 
the 13th. Another column, under command of Colonel Wells, 
left Martinsburg on the 10th and moved up the Shenandoah 
valley, threatening Staunton. This column was supported by 
another column from Harper's Ferry, under command of Gen- 
eral Sullivan, and also had the aid of a detachment from Meade's 
army, which was sent out on ascertaining that Lee was endeavor- 
ino- to cut off Wells' command. Added to this was a column 
under General Scammon, who reached Lewisburg on the 12th, 
where he encountered General Echols and drove him out of the 



86 HiSTOETCAL Sketch of the 

place, and across the Greenbrier river. He evacuated the town 
again on the 16th. Colonel Moore left Beverly on the 11th, and 
moved southward, skirting the Alleganies on the west, and going 
down the Greenbrier river, making Lewisburg his objective 
point, and opened communication with General Scammon on 
the 13 th. General Averill then moved from Covington to Salem, 
on the line of the road, one hundred and sixty miles west of 
Richmond, which he reached on the 16th. Three depots were 
destroyed, containing a large amount of stores; bridges and cul- 
verts were destroyed for a distance of fifteen miles, and the tele- 
graph wires broken. Six separate Confederate commands ranged 
themselves to prevent his retreat, but by whipping some and 
avoiding others, he succeeded, after a tedious march over the 
mountains, in returning in safety to Beverly. 

The Situation at the Opening of 1864. 
Comparative quiet existed along our military lines during the 
first few weeks of the year 1864. Both our own forces and those 
of the enemy were reposing from the fatiguing campaigns that 
closed only with the closing year, while the efforts of the au- 
thorities on both sides were mainly confined to recruiting for 
their exhausted and decimated armies. Longstreet, largely re- 
inforced by Lee, gave us serious trouble in East Tennessee. 
Advancing from the east, he recovered a portion of the ground 
which he had lost in his disastrous retreat from before Knox- 
ville a few weeks before, while he seriously threatened to repos- 
sess Cumberland Gap, and cut General Foster's communications 
with the North. January 24th, Hood's, Bushford's and John- 
son's forces, led by Hampton's cavalry, made a desperate attack 
on our lines near Danbridge. For a time the attack promised to 
be successful, when our troops under the gallant General McCook 
made a charge upon the foe and turned the fortunes of the day. 
Our loss was about 150 in killed and wounded, that of the 
enemy was also quite heavy. 



"War of the Rebellion. 87 

The Confederates aggressive in Tennessee. 
Our forces then fell back slowly toward Knoxviile, followed 
by Longstreet. A severe engagement occurred at Strawberry 
Plains on the 25tb, in which our loss was heavy. Our army 
crossed the Holston river, burning the bridge after them. 
On the 2'7th General Sturgis gained a decided victory over the 
enemy at Leviersville, East Tennessee, driving them two miles 
and capturing two guns, killing and wounding a large number, 
and taking over 100 prisoners. Forrest and other Confederate 
commanders were doing their best to make things uncomfortable 
for us in Northern, Central and Eastern Tennessee. Forrest 
attacked our garrison at Athens, January 26th, and was repulsed. 
The next day our forces under Colonel Miller met the enemy 
near Florence and whipped them in gallant style. On the 29th, 
Colonel Phillips drove the Confederates under General Rhoddy 
across the Tennessee, capturing 200 cattle, 600 sheep and 100 
horses. Febraary 2d, Newbern, North Carolina, was attacked 
by the enemy, who, after a vigorous action, were repulsed with 
severe loss. The Confederates succeeded in destroying the 
Federal gunboat Under writer, after which they retreated to 
Kingston. February 5th, Colonel Mulligan had an engagement 
with the enemy under Early, and after a six hours' fight re- 
pulsed them with severe loss. 

Failure of General Seymour's Florida Expedition. 
The Federal forces met with a severe reverse in Florida, in 
early February. An expedition consisting of three brigades, 
under command of Brigadier- General Seymour, left Port Royal 
on the 5th of the month, followed by a considerable land and 
naval force, under the personal direction of General Gilmore, 
commanding Department of the South; their progress was for 
some time comparatively undisputed, and there was every ap- 
pearance of a brilliant success. Our advance reached Jackson- 
ville on the 8th, near which place an engagement took place, 
resulting in the repulse of the enemy, with the capture of 100 
prisoners and 8 pieces of artillery. Gilmore soon after returned 



88 Historical Sketch of the 

to Port Eoyal, leaving Seymour in sole command. He rapidly 
advanced into the interior, arrived at a point on the Florida 
Central railroad, forty-five miles from Jacksonville, where he 
made preparations to advance on Lake City. The movement 
commenced on the 20th, when the enemy's pickets were met 
six miles beyond, and evidences of the presence of a considerable 
force became apparent. Our advance, on reaching Crabtree 
Station, found the enemy in large numbers and with the advan- 
tage of a strong position. The engagement soon became brisk, 
and the fire of the Confederates was directed with such wither- 
ing effect, that our first line was compelled to fall back. 

The Federal Forces retreat to Jacksonville, Fla. 

We then brought two batteries to bear against them, and in a 
short time our whole force became engaged with one twice its own 
size Colonel Fribly, commanding a regiment of colored troops, 
fell in the heat of the engagement, when his men broke and fell 
back, leaving our left exposed. The Federal army fell back, 
took a new position, and attempted to resist the onslaught of 
the enemy, but in vain. After a stubborn battle of three hours, 
we retreated, leaving our dead and severely wounded on the field. 
Our loss aggregated 5 guns and 1,828 in killed, wounded and 
missing. Confederate loss, 500 killed or wounded. Fortu- 
nately the enemy did not very vigorously pursue, and our shat- 
tered forces arrived safely at Jacksonville. The expedition was 
a wretched failure. While it lacked a definite object, it was 
bunglingly planned and still more bunglingly executed. No 
effort seems to have been made to ascertain the force or position 
of the enemy, or to guard against surprise. General Seymour 
was i^romptly suspended, and soon after came north. He sub- 
sequently nobly redeemed his error in the battle of the "Wilder- 
ness, where he fought splendidly, and where he was taken 
prisoner by the enemy. 

Failure of an Expedition to liberate Federal prisoners. 

But little occurred in Virginia during the winter. An ex- 
pedition sent out by General Butler, under command of General 



War of the Kebellion. 89 

Wistar, left Yorktown, February 6th, and proceeded by way of 
New Kent Court-Honse toward Eichmond. The enemy's 
pickets were met at Bottom's Bridge, and driven in, when our 
forces advanced to within twelve miles of the Confederate 
capital, causing great consternation in the stronghold of treason. 
The reported object of the expedition was to liberate our pris- 
oners, but the enemy, gaining information of our intentions 
through a deserter, were prepared, and thus frustrated the pa- 
triotic purpose of our General in command. One or two other 
expeditions into the enemy's country were organized by General 
Butler, which were highly successful. 

General Kilpatrick's Raid in Virginia. 
A daring raid into Central Virginia was undertaken by our 
cavalry forces under General Kilpatrick. The expedition left 
Stevensburg, February 28th, crossed the Eapidan, got into the 
rear of General Lee's army without being discovered, and 
pushed rapidly in the direction of Eichmond. A portion of 
our forces, under command of General Dahlgren, moved down 
to the right of the city, destroying a portion of the James 
Eiver canal, and rode up along the north bank of the river, 
while the main body, under 'Kilpatrick, advanced by the Brook 
turnpike. The former tore up a portion of the Virginia Cen- 
tral railroad, destroyed several grist-mills and inflicted other 
damage. His forces pressed vigorously forward until they actu- 
ally arrived within three miles of the Confederate capital. Some 
of our horsemen even passed the outer fortifications, and cap- 
tured a number of prisoners within the defenses. They were 
able to discern the steeples of the city, and had they arrived a 
few hours earlier, might have accomplished the object of their 
daring enterprise. 

Federal Cavalry penetrate the defenses of Richmond, Va. 

The main body under Kilpatrick reached Beaverdam, tore up 

the railroad for a considerable distance, cut the telegraph wires 

and cantered in toward Eichmond. He penetrated the outer 

line of defenses, March 1st, and reached the second, when he 

12 



90 HiSTOKicAL Sketch of the 

was hotly assailed and withdrew to a point six miles distant 
from the city, where he encamped for the night. He was 
attacked before morning and retired still farther; and on the 
following day commenced retreating down the Peninsula, pur- 
sued by a Confederate force, with which he had several slight 
skirmishes. He arrived safely at Williamsburg on the 4th, 
having performed one of the boldest feats of the war. In the 
meantime. Colonel Dahlgren had detached a small portion of 
his forces from the main body and taken a different route. He 
was ambushed by the enemy and cruelly murdered. His body 
was borne in triumph to Eichmond, while the Confederate prints 
endeavored to blacken his memory by publishing what pur- 
ported to be his ''instructions" to murder and ravage, found 
upon his person. These ''instructions" were subsequently 
proved to be forgeries. 

Federal Expedition into the Giilf States. 
The campaign in the South-east opened early in the year 1864. 
February 3d General Sherman left Vicksburg on an expedition 
into the interior of the Gulf States, while a few days later, an- 
other column, under General Smith, left Memphis in an eastern- 
south-eastern direction. It was intended that the two columns 
should meet at a designated point and co-operate in the grand 
work which inspired its movements. Smith accomplished about 
one-half of his proposed march and crossed the Tallahassee, but 
meeting the enemy in superior force, he was compelled to fall 
back, destroying the bridges on the Memphis and Ohio railroad 
in his retreat. He arrived in Memphis', February 25th, without 
serious loss, but havmg failed in the main object of the mission 
he had undertaken. Sherman was more successful. He ad- 
vanced as far as Merideu, Ga., inflicting immense damage upon 
the enemy. He destroyed the Confederate arsenal, stored with 
valuable machinery and stores, burned a large number of gov- 
ernment warehouses filled with military stores and ammunition, 
and rendered useless a large number of mills. 



War of the Rebellion. 91 

Destruction of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad. 

Enterprise, Marion, Quitman, and other important towns, were 
desolated; depots, cotton, bridges, etc., were burned; while the 
Mobile and Ohio railroad was completely destroyed for a distance 
of nearly sixty miles. In addition to this 8,000 slaves were liber- 
ated, while the entire loss of the expedition did not exceed 300 
men. Had Sherman been joined by Smith, it is probable that the 
expedition might have had for its destination Selma, Montgomery 
or Mobile; but as it was, its success was brilliant. A ''forward 
movement" of our forces at Chattanooga in the direction of 
Dalton, Ga., was made February 22d, where the main body of 
the Confederate army, under command of Bragg, was posted. 
Its object was partly to reconnoitre the position of the enemy, 
and partly to prevent a diversion on the part of the latter against 
Sherman and Smith. Bragg^s army was found occupying a 
strong position, and our forces, after a slight engagement, with- 
drew to their old position. 

Surrender of Fort De Russey, La. 

At the same time our forces on the western side of the Mis- 
sissippi were not idle. On the 10th of March an expedition left 
Vicksburg, under command of General A. J. Smith, for the Red 
river. A landing was effected at Simmesport on the 13th, from 
which point our forces marched to Bayou Glace, where a con- 
siderable force was posted. The latter, however, fled at our ap- 
proach and took refuge within the defenses of Fort de Russey. 
General Smith marched rapidly against the fort, and accom- 
plished the distance, thirty-five miles, in twenty hours. The 
head of the column approached de Russey on the afternoon of 
the 14th, and moved to the edge of the heavy wood which sur- 
rounded it. The enemy immediately opened fire, when we 
brought the batteries into action and a brisk cannonade com- 
menced. General Smith ordered a charge, which was made in 
the face of a galling fire, and twenty-five minutes from the time 
when the order was given the garrison surrendered and the 
Federal forces were inside the fortress. At the same moment. 



92 Historical Sketch of t^e 

our fleet, consisting of three monitors, seven iron-clads and three 
rams, appeared in sight, but were too late to share in the honors 
of victory. Ten guns were taken, a large number of small arms, 
2,000 barrels of flour, a large lot of ammunition, and a quantity 
of commissary stores. The number of prisoners taken was 325. 
Our loss was only 7 killed and 41 wounded; that of the Confeder- 
ates 5 killed and 4 wounded. 

Federal Occupation of Alexandria, La. 
Our fleet pushed rapidly up toward Alexandria, which place it 
captured March 16th, when it was immediately occupied by the 
advance of General Banks' army under General Lee. A division 
of our army ascended the river as far as Natchitoches, where it 
met the enemy on the 21st and repulsed him, capturing 282 
prisoners, 4 pieces of artillery, 150 horses and other spoils. 
Generals Smith's and Franklin's forces having arrived at Alex- 
andria also pushed up the river, the enemy retreating before them 
in the direction of Shrevoport. March 28th an engagement oc- 
curred between the two forces at Cane river, thirty miles beyond 
Alexandria, in which we won a brilliant success. The enemy 
w^ere pushed back with a loss of 250 killed and wounded, and 
from 500 to 600 prisoners. Our loss was 18 killed and 60 
wounded. General Smith hotly pursued, followed by the entire 
army under the personal command of General Banks. On the 
6th of April it left Grand Ecore, sixty miles above Alexandria. 
On the 8th our advance, after driving the enemy two days, were 
confronted by an overwhelming Confederate force at Pleasant 
Hill, fifty miles east of Shreveport. Our forces hurrying for- 
ward, the engagement became general. The battle raged with 
great fury for some hours. Our army fought w^th des^^erate 
valor, but was compelled to yield before superior numbers. 
What added to our defeat was a panic which seized our cavalry 
and communicated itself, more or less, to our entire lines. Gen- 
eral Banks made a desperate endeavor to rally the retreating 
forces, but in vain. 



War of the Rebellion. 93 

The Union Forces fall back to Grand Ecore, La. 

In this i^erilons crisis the Nineteenth corps arrived on the field 
and succeeded in checking the enemy, enabling all our forces, 
except those of the cavalry, to escape. Our loss was 2,000 men 
and 20 cannon. At once, a retreat was commenced, and next 
day the Confederates were again upon us, but were repulsed by 
our forces, then in better position. Generals Franklin and 
Andrew J. Smith seem to have done much toward checking the 
enemy on the second day by skillful dispositious. The enemy, 
however, were left in possession of the field. Our loss was prob- 
ably 4,000 in all. The Confederate loss was 600 killed, 2,400 
wounded and 500 missing. Our forces fell back to Grand Ecore. 
In the meantime Admiral Porter had ascended the river with his 
fleet, but was ordered back by General Banks, who was short of 
rations. On his way down he was attacked by the enemy, who 
appeared in large force on both sides of the river and made a des- 
perate attempt to capture his transports. A terrible fight ensued 
between our gunboats and the Confederates, in which the latter 
were repulsed with great slaughter. Their loss is estimated at 
from 500 to 600, while none of our sailors were injured. Owing 
to the rapid fall of the river the Federal fleet found that it could 
not pass the falls above Alexandria, and its position became most 
critical. By the assistance of our army, however, a dam was 
constructed under the direction of Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey, by 
means of which the vessels were safely floated over the rapids, 
and thus saved from destruction. 

Abandonment of the Red River Country. 

The Federal army after remaining some time at Alexandria, 
and fighting two battles, in both of which it was successful, 
evacuated the Red River country. The expedition proved 
a failure. Its object was doubtful, while its execution was 
faulty. Our line was too attenuated, and the attack at Pleas- 
ant Hill was little less than a surprise. The Federal forces 
were ample, but they could not be brought into action until 
it was too late to retrieve the disaster. Nor was this the 



94 Historical Sketch of* the 

worst. The failure of Banks involved the failure of Steele. 
The latter started from Little Kock with a strong auxiliary force 
(35,000 men it is said) with the design of uniting with Banks at 
Shreveport. He met and repulsed the enemy under Price and 
Marmaduke at Elkin's Ford and Prairie d'Aina, and advanced 
as far as Camden, Ark., when he learned of our repulse on the 
Ked river, and immediately commenced a retreat. He was se- 
verely harassed by the enemy, and compelled to destroy a por- 
tion of his train to prevent its falling into their hands. On the 
30th of April, while crossing Sabine river, he was attacked by a 
body of Confederates under General Pagan, but repulsed them. 
A portion of the Confederate cavalry, however, crossed the river 
above, and hurried to Little Kock, in the hope that they might 
take it by surprise before our forces could reach it; but General 
Steele was too quick for them. A train returning to Pine Bluff, 
under charge of Colonel Drake, with an escort of three regiments, 
was attacked by the enemy and captured. Steele's loss was 
about 2,000 prisoners, 4 guns and 240 wagons. The wonder is 
that his entire army was not destroyed. After the abandonment 
of the Eed River country. General Banks returned to Kew Or- 
leans and General Canby assumed command of the forces west 
of the Mississippi. 

General Grant in Command of the Armies of the U. S. 
While our armies of the West were thus active those of the 
East were not idle. March 15th, the President issued a call for 
200,000 men for the volunteer service. On the 14th of the same 
month he promulgated an order relieving General Halleck from 
the position of Commanding General, and assigning Lieutenant- 
General Grant to the command of the armies of the United 
States. The latter formally assumed command on the 17th, and 
immediately addressed himself to the work of organizing the 
spring and summer campaign. March 23d, an order was issued 
for an entire reorganization of the army of the Potomac, reduc- 
ing the number of army corps to three, General Meade still con- 
tinuing in command. Preparations for an early movement were 



War of the Rebellion. 95 

made under the general direction of the Lien tenant- General. 
April 8th, he issued- an order directing all civilians, sutlers, etc., 
to the rear, with all joroperty for which there was no transporta- 
tion, also stopping all furloughs. 

Forward Movement of the Army of the Potomac. 

During the month General Grant visited Fortress Monroe, 
Annapolis, and other points, in order to consult with the various 
commandants, and by personal inspection inform himself of the 
condition of the several departments. His army consisted, prop- 
erly speaking, of three divisions, and three simultaneous move- 
ments were to be made; one by the way of James river, one up 
the Shenandoah Valley, and one direct overland to Eichmond. 
His preparations completed, the order to advance was given. 
The noble army of the Potomac broke camp on Tuesday night, 
May 3d, and crossed the Rapidan on the morning of the 4th. 
The Second corps (Hancock) in front, crossing at Ely's Ford; 
the Fifth (Warren) and Sixth (Sedgwick) immediately following, 
crossing at Germania Ford. The Confederate army, strongly 
intrenched at Mine Run, did not contest our passage, either 
because they were taken by surprise or because they hoped to cut 
our army in two in its passage into the " Wilderness " and, by 
pouncing upon it piecemeal, destroy it. But General Lee did 
not long mask his intentions. 

The Battle of the Wilderness, Va. 

On May 5th, as soon as Grant was fairly across the river, and 
before he had time to put himself in advantageous fighting posi- 
tion, Lee marched a heavy column under Longstreet against 
him. The shock was bravely met by Sedgwick, who, having 
crossed last, was on our right, resting on the river, the evident 
design of the enemy being to get between our army and the 
fords. A desperate struggle ensued in which Sedgwick was 
hard pressed and lost heavily, but in which he succeeded in 
holding his own. A second attack was made, which, at one time, 
promised to be successful, but our forces held their ground. 
Lee then hurled a fresh column against our center, under War- 



96 HiSTOEicAL Sketch of the 

ren, in the hope of breaking it, but in this he was also foiled, al- 
though he gained a temporary advantage. In this operation 
only about half of our army was engaged. The battle lasted 
far into the night, but the result was indecisive. Lee utterly 
failed in his- attempt to cut our army in two, and detach Han- 
cock from the rest of the army. The losses on both sides were 
heavy, the enemy taking 1,000 prisoners and losing about 300. 
At the close of the battle the Union left was a little south of Chan- 
eellorsville, the center at the Wilderness, the right extending to 
Germania Ford. 

General Lee reinforced by General Longstreet. 
The battle was opened at four o'clock on the morning of 
Tuesday, the 6th, by an attack of the enemy jon our right and 
center, evidently another attempt to sever that wing from 
the main army. Lee had been reinforced by Longstreet and 
repeated the tactics of the previous day. The attack was re- 
pulsed and our own lines advanced. About six o'clock our 
left advanced, and after a severe fight of an hour's duration, 
General Hancock succeeded in driving the enemy from their 
breastworks and forcing them back on both sides of the plank- 
road. At half -past eight our right and center likewise advanced. 
They pressed forward for a quarter of a mile under a very severe 
fire of the enemy. Here they found the Confederates intrenched 
on a high ridge, and a deep marsh intervening between them. 
Finding it impossible to advance, they resumed their former 
position. A second attempt to force the enemy from the ridge 
likewise failed. About eleven o'clock General Lee returned to 
his old system of tactics. Gathering his army e7i masse, he hurled 
it with fierce impetuosity and demoniac yells on our left, and 
compelled it to fall back on the intrenched line. Troops being 
concentrated to strengthen the line, the enemy were finally re- 
pulsed. About half-past four, Lee again returned to the attack, 
and succeeded in reaching our breastworks. For a short time 
affairs looked dubious, but a well-executed flank movement 
compelled the enemy to retire with great slaughter. 



War of the Rebellion. 97 

The Federal Army Flanked by General Lee. 

Toward dark an attack was made on our extreme right, held 
by General Milroy's brigade, who were employed throwing up 
iutrenchments. Before they had time to form they were cap- 
tured, and our army was successfully flanked. Great danger 
was at one time apprehended from this success, but the rout was 
confined to the extreme right. The flanking was so complete 
that orders had to be issued to send the wounded by the Chan- 
cellorsville route, instead of over the fords, as thus far had been 
done. At night-fall, our left and center remained firm, and 
during the night the lines on the right were contracted. Grant 
also extended his line to the southward, so as to threaten Lee's 
communications with Richmond, and so formed a new line of 
battle as to compel the engagement of the next day to be for 
that position, in the meantime changing his own base to the 
Rappahannock and Fredericksburg. He thus deprived Lee of 
all the benefit of his success on the right, and by strategy 
achieved the same success over the Confederates. Compelled 
thus to fight for his communications, with the extreme hazard of 
losing them, or to retreat and preserve them, he chose the latter. 
Grant had gained another advantage by edging partly out of the 
Wilderness, into a more open country, where he could use his 
artillery, and not only feel of, but see, the enemy. 

General Burnside Joins the Main Army. 

Fortunately, for us, too, Burnside, who had been left behind 
as a reserve, having received intelligence of the intentions of the 
Confederates, hastened to the scene of action, and by a forced 
march, succeeded in joining the main army in time to partici- 
pate in the hottest of Friday's work. Had it not been for this 
timely reinforcement, the chances were that our army would have 
suffered a severe disaster. At daybreak on Saturday (the 7th), 
General Grant pushed forward his forces and a sharp artillery 
fire was opened by our right, but no response was elicited, and 
it soon became apparent that Lee had abandoned his position of 
the day previous, and was falling back. Grant vigorously pur- 
13 



98 Historical Sketch of .the 

sued and came upon the enemy near Spottsylvania Court-Honse 
where the latter had taken a new and very strong position. On 
Sunday there was some sharp fighting, the enemy gaining a 
temporary advantage, but were subsequently repulsed and driven 
behind their breastworks. Monday another engagement took 
place, the enemy making an unsuccessful assault on Milroy's 
division. Toward evening Grant ordered an advance of a por- 
tion of his line across one of the branches of the Mattapony. 
There was much hard fighting, with varying successes and re- 
pulses; but at the close of the day, the enemy firmly held their 
position, their general line being a semi-circle around the town, 
our own lines presenting a similar form of larger circumference. 
Tuesday (the 10th) fighting was renewed with undiminished 
desperation, the enemy generally holding their ground, we gain- 
ing some minor advantage, but no definite results being achieved. 
Wednesday opened quietly, but toward noon skirmishing was 
renewed, and considerable sharp fighting ensued. During the 
night, Hancock moved his corps (the Second) from the right to 
the left, taking up a position between the Sixth and Ninth corps. 

Bayonet Charges by Hancock's Corps. 
General Grant had determined to turn the enemy's right, thus 
compelling them to abandon their position and at the same time 
forcing them further from their line of communication with 
Eichmond. The old Second corps were chosen for this import- 
ant work. Thursday morning (the 12th), at half-past four 
o'clock, they moved on the enemy's works in a most terrible 
bayonet charge. The movement was a complete surprise to the 
Confederates. It had for its fruits besides winning the day, 
the capture of over twenty guns and a large number of prison- 
ers, including two generals. Storming parties by the Fifth and 
Ninth corps were not quite so successful. During the day the 
enemy made repeated and obstinate attempts to retake the posi- 
tions captured by Hancock, and again renewed it at nine o'clock 
and continued it until three o'clock on the morning of Friday. 
These attempts were made five different times, the Confed- 



War of the Kebellion. 99 

erates charging up to the very parapet, and planting their colors 
on and exchanging bayonet thrusts over it, exhibiting great gal- 
lantry and recklessness of life. 

General Lee Compelled to Reform his Lines. 

This success compelled Lee to reform his lines, which he did 
early Friday morning, taking up a new position to the right. The 
same day General Grant commenced moving his troops to the left 
for the purpose of still further turning the Confederate right. 
Just before dusk the enemy attacked the Fifth corps, but were 
repulsed with severe loss. General Grant, in a dispatch to the 
War Department, Thursday night, says: ''The eighth day of 
battle closes leaving between 3,000 and 4,000 prisoners in our 
hands for the day's work, including 2 general officers and over 
30 pieces of artillery. * * * We have lost no organization, 
not even a company, while we have destroyed and captured one 
division (Johnson's) one brigade (Dobb's), and one regiment 
entire of the enemy." No complete statement of the losses in 
this series of sanguinary engagements has yet been furnished, 
but the losses on both sides were frightfully heavy. The Federal 
loss from May 5 to 7 was 5,597 killed, 21,463 wounded and 10,677 
missing; Confederates, 2,000 killed, 6,000 wounded and 3,400 
missing. From the 8th to 18th Federal loss was 4,177 killed, 
19,687 wounded and 2,577 missing; Confederates 1,000 killed, 
5,000 wounded and 3,000 missing. During the same period 22 
generals were killed or wounded. 

Both Armies receive large Reinforcements. 

After the engagement of the 12th, there was a lull in the 
storm of war, lasting several days. Both armies rested and they 
each received large reinforcements. Fighting was renewed on 
the 18th, when Hancock attacked the enemy's right flank, gain- 
ing two lines of his intrenchments and capturing two guns. 
This movement indicated a purpose on the part of General Grant 
to turn the enemy's position, and compel him to abandon his 
stronghold. Burnside was also hotly engaged the same day, 
drove the enemy some distance, but subsequently withdrew. 



100 Historical Sketch of the 

Our loss was about 1,200. Wednesday night, Guineys' Station, 
ten miles east of Spottsylvania, on the Fredericksburg railroad, 
was occupied by our cavalry under General Torbett, to clear the 
way for a new flank movement. That movement commenced on 
the morning of the 19th, the right corps countermarching to the 
left, and moving after Torbett. 

The Federal Army execute a Flank Movement. 

General Ewell anticipating this movement, threw himself upon 
our weakened right flank, got into the rear, stampeded the team- 
sters, captured ambulances and wagons, and for a time threat- 
ened our communications; but a brigade of heavy artillery, 
under General Tyler, coming to the rescue, the enemy was 
checked and ultimately driven back. On the following day 
(the 20th) the flanking movement was continued; Torbett push- 
ing forward to Bowling Green, Hancock following and arriv- 
ing on the 21st at Milford Bridge, forty miles from Eichmond. 
Warren, Wright and Burnside followed, but not so quietly but 
Lee was ready to receive them. He was found to occujoy a 
strong position between the North and South Anna rivers. A 
portion of our forces, under Warren, crossed the former river at 
Jervis Ford on the 23d, while Hancock captured the ford at 
Taylor's Bridge. They were fiercely attacked and handsomely 
repulsed the enemy. The latter made desperate efforts to retake 
the bridge which Hancock had stormed, but were unsuccessful. 
General Grant within Fifteen Miles of Richmond, Va. 

It became evident to General Grant that the Confederate position 
was too strong for direct attack, so he ordered his forces to recross 
the North Anna. Making an attack with his right to cover the 
movement, he burned the bridge of the Virginia Central rail- 
road, rapidly crossed the Pamunkey, and on the last day of May 
had his entire army south of the river and within fifteen miles 
of Eichmond. But again Lee was prepared to receive him, and, 
reinforced from the Shenandoah, presented a full front. The 
Confederate line stretched from Atlee's Station, along the line 
of the Chickahominy and the Virginia Central, to Shady Grove 



War of the Rebellion. 101 

Church, five miles north of Eichmond. Our forces, ever since 
crossing the Paniunkey, had been pressing steadily up to this 
line; and on the 28th a cavalry engagement had been fought, the 
advance of Gf-regg^s division having met and driven the enemy. 
On the 30th Warren had pressed close up to Shady Grove; and 
Crawford's division, getting detached from the main body, was 
attacked and pushed back. The same day Hancock gained 
ground on the right. The struggle seemed to be for the posses- 
sion of the commanding position between our line and Eich- 
mond. 

The Battle of Cold Harbor, Va. 

On the 31st there was some cavalry fighting on the right 
and left flanks, in which we were successful. June 1st the Sixth 
corps took a position near Cold Harbor where it was joined by 
the forces under Baldy Smith, sent from the James river. A 
stubborn battle was fought, the result of which was the posses- 
sion of Cold Harbor by our forces. Friday, June 3d, the Con- 
federate position on the Chickahominy was attacked by our 
forces. The engagement was determined and sanguinary. Our 
forces were marched close up to the Confederate works, but 
failed to carry them, when the attack was abandoned. On the 
evening of the same day an attack was made by the enemy on a 
portion of Hancock's corps, but they were repulsed with great 
loss. Several attempts were subsequently made to destroy 
Grant's communications by way of White House, but were 
uniformly unsuccessful. General Grant finding that to dislodge 
the enemy from his position would involve too great a sacrifice of 
life, determined to cross to the south side of the James river. 
The movement commenced on the night of June 12th, and on 
the morning of the 15th was entirely completed. 

The Federal Forces occupy City Point, Va. 

While this tremendous drama was being enacted in Central 
Virginia, important auxiliary movements were in j)rogress else- 
where. General Butler, who commanded our troops concen- 
trated at Fortress Monroe, sent a large force to the York river, 



102 Historical Sketch of .the 

in order to mislead the enemy as to his intentions; but no 
sooner had their attention been diverted by this movement, 
than he rapidly descended the York and pushed up the James 
river with his entire command, followed by our gunboats and 
iron-clads. So rapid was the movement and so closely were his 
designs masked, that a landing was effected at City Point, fifteen 
miles below Richmond, without serious oi3position, May 5th. 
The object was to engage Beauregard, commanding the Confed- 
erate forces on the north side of the James, prevent him from 
joining Lee, and if possible isolate him from Richmond. Gen- 
eral Kautz, with a cavalry force 3,000 strong, was sent to cut the 
railroad below Petersburg, which he succeeded in accomplisning, 
and thus temporarily cutting Beauregard's army in two. Kautz 
also made a dash upon Petersburg, but was compelled to retire 
after considerable loss . 

Confederate Sortie from Fort Darling, Va. 

Simultaneously with this a cavalry force was sent to operate on 
the north side of the river, which succeeded in seriously embarrass- 
ing Lee's communications. Meanwhile, General Butler, having 
secured a firm foothold at City Point, assumed the offensive by 
marching against Fort Darling, which commanded the approach 
by water to Richmond, and ostensibly at least, laying siege to it. 
Some of the outer works were carried and a strong position ob- 
tained. On the 16th of May the Confederates made a sortie 
from the fort, and after a severe contest forced our army back 
to its iutrenchments. Our loss in killed and wounded was quite 
severe. It was subsequently claimed that this demonstration 
against Fort Darling was merely a feint, but this is hardly prob- 
able. The enemy again attacked our position on the 21st, but 
were severely punished and compelled to retire, leaving 263 dead 
and wounded on the field. Among our captures was that of the 
Confederate General Walker. They subsequently attacked our 
colored troops at Wilson's Landing, on the James river, 
and summoned General Wild, commanding the post, to surren- 
der; but the latter had the ill manners to disregard the mandate. 



War of the Rebellion. 103 

and sent in reply a discharge of liis artillery. After a short but 
obstinate contest, the Confederates retired, bruised and discom- 
fited. Butler, in the meantime, strengthened his position by 
formidable breastworks, and was soon able to defy the assaults 
of the enemy. 

Federal Operations in the Shenandoah Valley. 

While Butler was thus operating on the James, General Siegel 
was moving a column up the Shenandoah. On May 15th, he en- 
countered the enemy in considerable force at Reed^s Hill, near 
Mount Jackson, and was severely repulsed. He was driven into 
a trap by Imboden, who commanded the Confederates, and suf- 
fered himself to be caught. He was superseded and General 
Hunter put in his place. The latter pressed up the valley, over- 
hauled the enemy under General Jones near Staunton, on June 5 th, 
fought and defeated him, captured the place, killed the commander, 
took 1,500 prisoners and several guns, and drove the enemy to 
Waynesboro. On the 8th he formed a junction with Crook and 
Averill, while Sheridan operated simultaneously in the direction 
of Gordon sville. The latter crossed the Pamunkey, May 7th, 
reached Trevilin Station on the 11th, where he met the enemy, 
and after a hard-fought battle repulsed them with severe loss. 
Hunter pressed on toward Lynchburg, destroying railroads and 
bridges on his way, but when he reached the place he found it 
strongly defended, and did not deem it prudent to venture an at- 
tack. At the same time Early was marching upon him with a 
large force, and finding his position precarious, he retreated to 
the mountains, and made a forced march into Western Virginia. 
General Sheridan at the Gates of Richmond, Va. 

As a part of the grand series of operations against the Confeder- 
ate capital, the raid of General Sheridan into the rear of General 
Lee's army deserves special notice. Starting on the 9th of May, he 
marched around the enemy's right flank, reached the South Anna 
river on the 10th, dashed upon Beaver Dam, destroyed the immense 
depot of supplies at that place, seized and demolished 100 cars 
and 2 locomotives, tore up the railroad track for over ten 



104 Historical Sketch of .the 

miles, recaptured 370 of our men taken prisoners, on their way 
to Kichmond, captured Ashland Station on the 11th, and de- 
stroyed a large train of cars and another depot of supplies, tore 
up six miles of railway track, met General Stuart, fought and 
defeated him at Yellow Tavern, charged upon Eichmond, cap- 
tured the first line of works around the city, got near enough to 
see the gas lamps on the streets, fell back, recrossed the Chicka- 
hominy, had another fight, Avhipped the enemy and drove him 
as far as Gaines' Mills, destroyed the principal bridges and 
trestle works on the Virginia Central railroad, completely sev- 
ered Lee's communications with Richmond and arrived in 
safety at General Butler^'s head-quarters on the James river on 
the 14th, five days after starting. In this series of brilliant 
operations his loss was less than 300 in killed and wounded. 

General Sherman's Campaign against Atlanta, Ga. 

While Grant was slowly but steadily pressing Lee to the wall in 
Virginia, Sherman was winning brilliant laurels in the South- 
west. His campaign against Atlanta deserves to rank among the 
most remarkable triumphs in the annals of military history. The 
country through which he had to pass was one of the most dif- 
ficult an invading army had ever penetrated. Nature had pro- 
vided the enemy with a line of fortresses in the way of mountain 
passes, gorges and defiles, stretching, with but slight intervals 
of open country, from the beginning to near the close of his 
long march. Having concentrated the main body of our armies 
previously occuj^ied in Mississippi and Tennessee, at Chattanooga, 
and completed his preparations for the campaign, he gave the 
order to advance against the Confederate army encamped at 
Dalton and Eesaca, under command of General J. E. Johnston. 

The Confederates evacuate Resaca, Ga. 

General Thomas occupied Tunnel Hill May 7th, the rest of the 
army moving by the flank toward Resaca, under the personal 
command of Sherman. On the 10th he reached Buzzard's 
Roost, while McPherson's army was one mile south of Resaca. 
On the 14tli, the enemy having been flanked, evacuated Dalton, 



War of the Kebellion. 105 

falling back upon Resaca, ten miles beyond. On the same day, 
Sherman attacked them at Resaca. The battle continued the 
entire day. The Confederates attempted to .turn the Union 
left, but by a movement of Hooker's corps to that portion of the 
line their object was frustrated. The battle was renewed on the 
morning of the 15fch. General Hooker charged the Confederate 
works on the left about one p. m., but was not able to hold them. 
A general advance was then made along the whole line, and the 
first series of intrenchments were occupied. The Confederates 
evacuated Resaca during the night. The rout of the enemy was 
complete. We took 1,200 prisoners and 10 guns, besides a 
large number of small arms, stores and ammunition. Next day 
Sherman's forces started in pursuit, the Confederates rapidly 
retreating south. 

Federal Forces occupy Kingston and Rome, Ga. 
May 18th, 1864, our advance occupied Kingston and Rome, the 
latter being an important depot of Confederate supplies, and 
containing large foundries, etc., etc. On the 19th, our forces 
caught up with the rear guard of the Confederate army, when 
some sharp skirmishing took place. The enemy made a sortie 
after dark from Cassville, but were handsomely repulsed. Before 
daylight Cassville was occupied. A reconnoissance developed the 
fact that the Confederates occupied a strong position in the Altoona 
mountains, when Sherman commenced a flank movement to the 
right. A sharp cavalry fight took place at Taylorsville on the 
24th, without important results; while on the same day, 
Wheeler's Confederate cavalry made a dash upon and destroyed 
a portion of one of our trains. The battle of Dallas, sometimes 
called the ''battle of Pumpkin vine creek," or the " battle of New 
Hope church,''' was fought between the armies of General Sher- 
man and those under General Johnston on the 27th. After 
three separate attacks, the Confederate commander ordered his 
forces back to their intrenchments, the Union troops holding 
their ground. The Confederate loss was estimated at 3,000; ours 
at 2,400. 

14 



106 Historical Sketch op the 

Capture of Pine Mountain, Ga. by the Federal Forces. 
On the 31st of May the Confederates attacked General 
Sherman, and after an engagement of two hoars'' duration, 
were driven back with heavy loss, and on the same day our 
left reached the railroad near Marietta. June 2d, at Altoona 
Pass, our cavalry under Stevenson and Garrard, captured a 
position of great strength, and one which it would have been 
j)ractically impossible to take except by a flank attack. June 
6th, Sherman reached Ark worth, and on the 11th encamped at 
Big Shanty Station. Johnston confronted him, holding Kenesaw 
mountains, with outposts on Pilot Knob, and Pine and East 
mountains. June 15th our forces captured Pine mountain after 
a severe skirmish. During the engagement the Confederate 
General Polk was killed. On the 27th a general assault was 
made upon the front of the Confederate position at Kenesaw by 
General Sherman's army, but was repulsed with great slaughter. 
General C. G. Harker was mortally wounded and died the next 
day. Our loss in this series of engagements was 1,370 killed, 
6,500 wounded and 800 missing. That of the Confederates was 
1,100 killed or wounded and 3,500 missing. 

The Confederates evacuate Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. 

General Schofield's movement on the enemy's left compelled 
the latter to evacuate Kenesaw mountain July 3d. On the 5th, 
Johnston took a position two miles north of the Chattahoochee, 
and commenced crossing; by the 9th, his whole army was across, 
having lost a large number of prisoners on the way. Sherman 
vigorously pursued, proceeded to cross the river, and by Sunday, 
July 17th, his entire army was landed on the other side. John- 
ston was removed, and Hood assumed command of the Confed- 
erate army. The latter attacked Sherman with great vigor on 
the 20th of July, with the intention of breaking our line and 
destroying our army piecemeal. He made three assaults, but 
in each instance was repulsed with great slaughter. On the 22d 
he again attacked our forces but with poorer success than before. 
His loss in killed and wounded in the last engagement was not 



War of the Kebellion. 107 

much short of 9,000; our own loss was about 3,500, including the 
gallant General McPherson, killed by a Confederate sharp-shooter. 
General Hood's Communications with Richmond severed. 
General Sherman proceeded to occupy the railroad, thereby 
cutting off Hood's communications with Richmond; then throw- 
ing a s^trong force to his left, cut the railroad lines to Macon and 
Charleston, and occupied Decatur. On July 28th, the army of 
the Tennessee was swung around to the right of the entire army, 
where it was attacked by the enemy while on the march. The 
battle lasted until night and resulted in the Union forces hold- 
ing that position, the Confederates retiring within their lines at 
Atlanta. At the same time, our cavalry under General McCook 
captured Palmetto Station on the West Point railroad, and de- 
stroyed several miles of track. August 3d the enemy attacked 
General Logan's works in force, and drove him therefrom. In 
the evening he not only retook the works, but captured all who 
occupied them. He also advanced his lines three hundred yards. 
On the following day, the Fourteenth corps made a heavy de- 
monstration on the north of Atlanta; while a more serious assault 
was made on the 6th of the month. 

Ineffectual Bombardment of Atlanta, Ga. 
August 9th, Atlanta was shelled on all parts of the line; and 
on the night of the 10th, a terrific bombardment, without 
definite results, took place; the attack upon the works was again 
renewed on the 13th. The 19th of August, General Kilpatrick, 
at the head of about 5,000 mounted men, started from Sandtown 
on his raid around the enemy's position at Atlanta; arrived at 
Fairburn, on the West Point railroad, where he met the enemy 
and drove them from the ground, crossed Flint river, pushed on 
to Jonesboro and destroyed the place, and rested for the night 
near Lovejoy's. The Macon railroad was torn up. On the 20th 
he was attacked in force before daybreak by the Confederates at 
Lovejoy's, and surrounded. The Second division, under Col- 
onel Minty, cut its way through the enemy and the Union troops 
pushed on. Kilpatrick's command crossed Cotton river at one 



108 Historical Sketch of the 

A. M. and South river at six A. m., reaching Lithonia, on 
the Georgia railroad, east of Atlanta, in the evening. The 
troops then went into camp after their fatiguing raid. They 
succeeded in passing completely around Atlanta. General Sher- 
man, finding the capture of Atlanta impracticable by a direct 
assault, moved his entire army with the exception of the Twen- 
tieth (Slocum's) corps, by the rear of the Confederate defenses 
of the city. 

The Confederate Army evacuate Atlanta, Ga. 

The enemy were strongly posted at Jonesboro, and Sherman 
planted his entire army between Atlanta and this outpost, and 
an attack made on the latter resulted in its capture with 10 
guns and 1,000 prisoners. The enemy retreated south to Love- 
joy's Station on the Macon road, followed by our forces. In the 
meantime. Hood, finding himself cut off from supplies at Atlanta, 
evacuated that important stronghold, blowing up his magazines. 
The place was occupied by General Slocum September 2d. 
Various attempts to destroy Sherman's communications and 
compel him to relinquish his purpose were made by Forrest, 
Wheeler and others, but in vain. An attack on Dalton promised 
serious results, but the Confederates were compelled to retreat 
from before it. A force under General Sturgis met with a dis- 
astrous repulse. It was attacked at Guntown, Tennessee, June 
10th, by Forrest, and after a severe fight retreated to Riple}^, 
having destroyed the supply train and 10 pieces of artillery. 
General Sturgis' forces were to co-operate with the right of Gen- 
eral Sherman's main army, and prevent Forrest from commit- 
ting depredations upon General Sherman's communications or 
in his rear. His failure in this movement caused his removal. 
It was again attacked at Ripley, and after a long engagement, 
scattered and broken. Tlie expedition returned to Memphis in 
a damaged condition. 

Admiral Farragut's Fleet in Mobile Bay, Ala. 

Simultaneously with the capture of Atlanta, the country was 
gladdened with news from the Gulf. Admiral Farragut, with 14 



War of the Rebellion. 109 

gunboats and 3 monitors, passed between Forts Morgan and Gaines 
into Mobile bay on August 5 th, 1864. In passing, the Temmi- 
seh, one of the monitors, struck a torpedo and sunk with nearly 
all on board. The Confederate fleet, consisting of the formid- 
able ram Tennessee and three gunboats, joined the forts in the 
attack on our vessels. Farragut directed the main attack upon 
the Tennessee, and with such good effect that she was soon dis- 
abled. Her commander. Captain Buchanan, was wounded, and 
she surrendered with 20 officers and 120 men. Commodore 
Farragut then attacked Fort Gaines, which surrendered on 
the 8th of August. Fort Powell, which commanded Grant's 
Pass, was evacuated by the enemy. The attention of our com- 
mander Avas then directed to Fort Morgan, which commanded 
the key of the harbor. It was a fortress of great strength, and 
was strongly manned and garrisoned. It was invested by Gen- 
eral Granger's forces on the land, while our fleet opened a fu- 
rious bombardment from the water side. The attack was of 
short duration, when the fort surrendered with its entire garri- 
son. In this series of battles the Federal loss was 175 killed and 
170 wounded; Confederate loss in killed, wounded or missing 
was 2,344. 

The Massacre at Fort Pillow, Tenn. 
Some stirring scenes along the banks of the Mississippi river 
occurred during the earlier months of the year. On the 12th of 
April, the Confederate General Forrest suddenly appeared before 
Fort Pillow, seventy miles above Memphis, and demanded its 
surrender. This was refused. A second demand was made and 
likewise refused by our commander. Major Booth. A furious 
attack was then made, resulting in the capture of the fort, after 
several hours' hard fighting. Upon taking possession of the 
fort the enemy commenced an indiscriminate slaughter, not only 
of the soldiers, but of the women and children as well. Over 
400 of our people were inhumanly butchered, the wounded 
being bayoneted and several burned and buried alive. The 
butchery was one of the most brutal on record, and aroused 



110 Historical Sketch of. the 

great indignation throughout the loyal States. Six guns were 
captured and a large amount of stores destroyed and carried off. 

The Confederate General Morgan's Last Raid. 

Early in June, General Morgan made another raid into Ken- 
tucky at the head of 2,500 men. Entering by Pound Gap, he 
dashed upon Paris, Georgetown, Cynthiana and other places, 
and spread alarm and consternation on every hand. He at- 
tacked the Louisville and other railroads, interrupting commu- 
nications for some time. General Burbridge, commanding our 
forces, met and attacked him, and after a severe engagement, 
defeated him. Morgan, however, rallied his scattered forces, 
captured and plundered Lexington, and subsequently captured 
Cynthiana, together with the garrison, consisting of two regi- 
ments. June 12th, Morgan was again attacked, and this time 
signally defeated; a large portion of his forces being captured, 
besides 1,000 horses. Some time subsequently, Morgan was 
surprised, and while attempting to escape from a house where he 
had taken refuge, he was killed. 

Confederate Successes in North Carolina. 

The Confederates made a desperate effort to recover the east- 
ern coast of North Carolina. On the 11th of April a large force 
of the enemy marched upon Plymouth, on the Albemarle 
Sound, which was held by our forces under General Wessels. 
A determined attack was made upon Fort Gray, its principal 
defense, which was repelled by the garrison, aided by the gun- 
boats. On the 18th, a Confederate fleet, consisting of four 
gunboats and the iron-clad Albemarle, came down the Eoanoke 
river, passed the fort in the night, and attacked our fleet. Two 
of our boats, the Southfold and Bombshell^ were sunk. The at- 
tack was then directed on the town, which was abandoned, the 
garrison retiring within Fort William. This latter was in turn 
attacked, and after a desperate contest, carried by storm. The 
garrison, numbering about 1,500, surrendered unconditionally. 



Wak of the Rebellion. Ill 

Retreat of the Federal Forces toward Baltimore, Md. 

General Hunter having been compelled to retreat into Western 
Virginia, the Confederate forces under Early j^ushed rapidly down 
the Shenandoah Valley, compelled Siegel to abandon Martinsburg 
and seek refuge upon Maryland Heights, crossed the Potomac 
above and below Harper's Ferry, occupied Hagerstown and 
Frederick, and spread in a number of small squads in every di- 
rection, to destroy bridges, railroads, etc. Their force was va- 
riously estimated at from 8,000 to 30,000; it probably did not ex- 
ceed 13,000. The President called for 12,000 men from New 
York and Pennsylvania each respectively, to repel the invasion. 
In the meantime, General Lew. Wallace, commanding at Balti- 
more, collected what men he could and marched through Fred- 
erick, to meet the advancing enemy. July 8th he encountered 
them in force at Monocacy, a short distance from the town, 
where a desperate battle, lasting all day, was fought. Our 
forces were overwhelmed and compelled to retreat toward Balti- 
more. The Federal loss was 90 killed, 579 wounded and 1,390 
missing; Confederate loss was 400 killed or wounded. 

The Federal Capital again in Peril. 

The enemy continued to advance, and a cavalry force struck 
the Northern Central railroad, the Wilmington and Balti- 
more railroad, and others, destroying bridges, capturing trains, 
etc. On the Philadelj)hia and Baltimore road they captured 
a train containing General Franklin, whom they took pris- 
oner, but w4io afterward succeeded in effecting his escape. 
Moving upon Washington, the main body of the Confederate 
army attacked our forces at Fort Stevens July 11th, where they 
met an unexpected resistance. Still, the capital was almost 
defenseless, and had the enemy known our weakness, might pos- 
sibly have captured it by a coup de mai?i. Fortunately at this 
critical juncture, the Nineteenth corps arrived from New Or- 
leans, while the Sixth corps opportunely arrived from the army 
of the Potomac. Hunter having arrived on the Upper Potomac, 
and General Couch moving with considerable force in Early's 



112 Historical Sketch of the 

rear, the latter hastily abandoned his attack on Washington, and 
after securing a large amount of plunder, recrossed the Potomac, 
and retreated up the Shenandoah valley. He was vigorously 
pursued and a portion of his plunder recovered, though he man- 
aged to get away with most of the spoils of his campaign. 
The Federal Forces Cross the Appomattox. 
Meanwhile General Grant, having effected the passage of the 
James river, commenced active operations against the enemy 
intrenched at Petersburg. An attempt to capture the place had 
been made by Generals Gilmore and Kautz, June 10th, but failed 
for the reason, it is alleged, that the enemy were apprised of the de- 
monstration, and were prepared to repulse it. It was the opinion 
of many military critics, however, that the city might have been 
easily taken by a coup de main, but Gilmore did not deem an at- 
tack prudent, and so returned to camp on the James river. The 
moment Grant landed on the south side of the James, he dis- 
patched Smith's corps against Petersburg. It left Bermuda 
Hundred on the morning of June 15th, and after a few hours' 
march reached the Appomattox, which he crossed by a bridge of 
boats. From thence the march was continued along four dif- 
ferent roads. 

General Smith Captures a Confederate Brigade. 

General Smith arrived at a point two miles from the city 
early in the afternoon, waited some time for Kautz with his cav- 
alry, but the latter not arriving, he ordered an attack, and after 
a short engagement carried the batteries on the north-east side 
of the town, capturing a Confederate brigade (Wise's) and 16 
pieces of artillery. Hancock's corps arrived just at night, 
but too late to render our success decisive. On the day follow- 
ing (June 16th), another important position was carried, and 
later in the day Burnside's corps arrived and took a position on 
Hancock's left. But by this time the enemy had been largely 
reinforced by Beauregard, who left his position near Bermuda 
Hundred, and hastened to the defense of Petersburg. Butler 
took advantage of his sudden departure, to tear up a portion of 



War of the Rebellion. 113 

the railroad between Richmond and Petersburg, but Lee, who 
had also crossed the James, pounced upon him before he had 
accomplished his work, and drove him back into his intrench- 
ments. On the evening of the 16th an attack was made upon 
the enemy's works by Smith's, Hancock's and Burnside's corps, 
carrying a line of rifle pits. On the morning of the 17th still 
another assault was made, in which we took 2 redoubts and 950 
prisoners. By the 18th the Confederate line was pushed back to 
its ultimate position on a series of elevations, with its flank rest- 
ing on the river. 

General Grant's Campaign against Petersburg, Va. 

General Grant immediately prepared to invest the city. He 
extended his line southward, so as to command the Suffolk and 
Petersburg railroad, on the 22d. On the afternoon of that day he 
still further extended it, so that his extreme right reached toward 
the Weldon railroad. Lee, contemplating his movement, dis- 
patched Hill's corps to defend the menaced position. Promptly 
seizing the advantage of a gap between our Sixth and Second 
corps, he flung himself upon our weak center, passed it and ap- 
peared on Barlow's flank. The latter fell back, leaving Birney 
exposed, and the rifle pits of the latter were taken by the enemy, 
together with a battery (McKnight's) of 4 guns. Our line, 
thrown into temporary confusion, was soon reformed and Hill 
was driven back. Simultaneously with this, Kautz's and Wilson's 
cavalry forces attacked the Weldon railroad at a point about 
eleven miles from our left. Crossing the road at Ream's Station, 
they tore up the track for several miles, and destroyed much valu- 
able property. The day following (June 22d), they reached the 
junction of the Danville and Lynchburg railroad at Barkersville, 
and destroyed the track for several miles. 

Kautz and Wilson's Cavalry surrounded. 

They then pushed on to Roanoke Station, but failed to destroy 
the large bridge at that point, started back, and on June 28th, 
reached the vicinity of Ream's Station, where they found them- 
selves surrounded by a large Confederate force. A battle ensued 
15 



114 Historical Sketch of the 

in which our forces were roughly handled. Grant, in the mean- 
time, sent a corps to create a diversion in this force, which was so 
far successful, that Kautz returned to our lines on the 30th, while 
Wilson came in the next day. They destroyed no less than sixty 
miles of railway. Our total loss during this daring raid was from 
700 to 1,000 men. No further movement of importance occurred 
for some time. On July 21st, however. General Grant resumed 
operations by a feint movement north of the James, to divert 
Lee's attention from an assault to be made against the fortifica- 
tions before Petersburg. He had succeeded in running a mine 
to a point just in front of Cemetery Hill, nearly nnder the Con- 
federate fortifications on this side. General Foster occupied a 
position at Deep Bottom on the north side of the James, three 
miles above Malvern Hill, while a part of the Mneteenth corps 
crossed and held guard on the north side. On the 26th, the 
Second corps crossed over, and, on the following morning, im- 
mediately advanced upon Strawberry Plains against the enemy, 
who appeared in large force. Advancing under a galling fire, 
our forces soon turned the enemy's left, when the intrenchments 
were abandoned and 4 twenty-pounder guns were captured. 
Explosion of the Mine under the Fortifications. 
On the 30th, the order for the grand assault against Peters- 
burg was given, and the mine was exploded at four o'clock on 
the morning of next day. It was 400 feet in length and charged 
with 8 tons of powder. The explosion was tremendous. At 
the same time 150 Federal guns opened fire, while our brave 
fellows rushed to the assault. Ledlie's division, together with 
the Fourth, both of the Ninth corps, were selected for the 
storming party, Ledlie's leading in three lines, each consisting 
of a brigade, marching up into the crater formed by the ex- 
plosion. Here a fatal delay occurred, our men pausing to erect 
breastworks instead of rushing forward. The division finally 
pushed up the crest of Cemetery Hill, but was repulsed. The 
Fourth division, consisting of colored troops, advanced to the 
rescue, but were also driven back with fearful slaughter. By 



War of the Rebellion. 115 

the middle of the afternoon the bloody day was done. Our loss 
was in round numbers about 4,000 men, of whom the majority 
were wounded. The loss of the enemy was about 1,000 men, 
of whom a fifth were prisoners. It is conjectured that nearly 
200 men were destroyed by the mine. Grant, nothing daunted, 
persistently continued his operations against this stronghold. On 
the night of the 12th of August, the Second corps landed on the 
north side of the James river, at Deep Bottom. Near this point 
General Butler was cutting a canal to cut off six or eight miles 
of travel around an awkward bend of the river, and avoid certain 
ugly obstructions and fortifications, but the work was seriously 
impeded by an annoying fire of the enemy, who occupied a strong 
position on the north side of the river. An attack was made upon 
this position, in which the Confederates were dislodged, and 500 
prisoners, 6 cannon and 2 mortars were taken. 

Federal Picket Lines and Intrenchments Captured 

On August 18th, the Fifth corps marched to Ream's Station, 
on the Weldon railroad, surprised a body of the enemy guarding 
it, and took possession of the road. The Confederates made 
desperate efforts to dislodge them. On the 19th, a large Con- 
federate force attacked Warren with great fury. It was opened 
by Mahone, who sprang upon our right with impetuosity, having 
with him his own old brigade and those of Clingman and Col- 
quitt. He first struck our picket line, which consisted of 
Bragg's brigade of Crawford's division. The Nineteenth Indiana, 
the advanced regiment, was quickly swept back to our breastworks, 
from the cornfield, where it had been posted, having lost many of 
its men. Unfortunately, the enemy had discovered the gap which 
existed here, and swept through it like a torrent, separating the 
divisions of Wilcox and Crawford. An engagement of desperate 
character ensued, both of artillery and musketry. Meanwhile, 
our left was attacked by Heth's troops. The picket lines were 
driven in and the temporary intrenchments carried. When, 
however, our second line was reached, the enemy were repulsed 
with great slaughter. 



116 Historical Sketch of the 

Opportune Arrival of Federal Reinforcements. 

In the crisis of the battle, when our right center was 
dangerously broken, and our center giving way, reinforce- 
ments came up, consisting of Potter's Second division of the 
Ninth corps, and White's (late Ledlie's) First division. These 
were hastily formed and sent in on the charge, and the enemy 
was overlapped and turned. While the Ninth corps was going 
in, the contending troops on Crawford's right had become so 
intermingled and involved that it was difficult to distinguish 
them. Our artillery had all along been very effectively em- 
ployed. It was now directed against both combatants, and, 
sweeping down friend and foe alike, cleared the ground with its 
murderous fire. Our lines were rallied, the enemy driven back, 
and the disaster of the earlier part of the day measurably re- 
trieved. Our losses were estimated at from 3,500 to 4,000. 
The enemy claimed to have captured 2,700 prisoners, mostly 
from Crawford's and Ayres' divisions. 

Confederates in possession of the Weldon Railroad. 
The result of this great fight was to give the enemy possession 
of the Weldon railroad as far as Yellow Tavern, but our forces 
still holding the position first taken by General Warren. After 
this battle, no movement of importance occurred before Peters- 
burg until September 10th, when De Trobriand's brigade cap- 
tured the Confederate pickets, inflicting a loss of from 100 to 150 
on the enemy. On the 16th, the Confederate cavalry marched 
around behind Meade's left at Eeam's Station, surprised and cap- 
tured the Thirteenth Pennsylvania and captured a herd of 2,500 
cattle. Gregg and Kautz's cavalry immediately started in pursuit 
of the raiders, overtook them on the Jerusalem plank road, attacked 
them, but were repulsed, when the enemy continued their retreat 
at their leisure. September 30th, General Warren attacked and 
carried the enemy's lines on their extreme right, and captured a 
number of prisoners. General Meade, at the same time, attacked 
and carried the enemy's line near Poplar Grove Church. The day 
following, the enemy attacked General Ayres, but were repulsed 
with heavy loss. 



War of the Kebellion. 117 

A Reconnoissance by Terry's and Kautz's Cavalry. 

At the same time, an important movement was made by our 
forces on the north side of the James river. On the night of 
September 28th, General Ord crossed the river, and early on the 
morning of the following day, advanced on the intrenchments 
at Chapin^s Farm, and carried them without serious loss. He 
captured from 200 to 300 prisoners, and 15 pieces of artillery. 
Simultaneously with this. General Birney moved from Deep 
Bottom up to the Newmarket road, and carried the intrench- 
ments with ease; scattering the enemy in every direction and 
capturing a few prisoners. Our forces took possession of Fort 
Harrison and advanced as far as Laurel Hill, when their pro- 
gress was checked. September 30th, the Confederates endeavored 
to recapture Fort Harrison, but failed. On the day following, 
Terry^s and Kautz's cavalry forces made a reconnoissance to within 
less than two miles of Eichmond. Friday, October 7th, the enemy 
made a vigorous and partially successful endeavor to turn the 
right flank of the army of the James. 

The Battle of Hatcher's Run, Va. 

The Confederate General Anderson, with one brigade of cav- 
alry and two divisions of infantry, fell upon our cavalry, taking 
it by surprise. Our forces upon the right were soon completely 
routed and many of them captured. The enemy pursued as far 
as New Market and Signal Hill, where they encountered our 
main body by whom they were severely repulsed. After this 
they abandoned the Central road, upon which we moved, occu- 
pying our old position. Our entire loss for the day did not 
exceed 500, while General Butler estimated that of the enemy 
at 1,000. Among the latter were about 150 prisoners. On 
the 27th of October, the army of the Potomac moved against 
the Confederate position at Hatcher's Run. A severe fight 
ensued in which a portion of the Second and Sixth corps were 
driven back with considerable loss; while our left, under Gen- 
eral Gregg, sustained a hot attack. Our forces, however, held 
their own; subsequently. General Grant ordered them to with- 



118 Historical Sketch of the 

draw; the reason given being, that as the movement was only a 
reconnoissance, its chief object had been accomplished. Federal 
loss, 156 killed, 1,047 wounded and 699 missing. Confederates, 
200 killed, 600 wounded and 200 missing. 

The Shenandoah Valley in the Fall of 1864. 
In the early autumn the Shenandoah Valley became once 
more the scene of important operations. Sunday, September 
18th, the Confederate General Gardner attacked General Averill 
at Marti nsburg, but was repulsed. Sheridan held a strong posi- 
tion near the railroad from Harper's Ferry to Winchester. 
"When Gardner made his attack, the great body of Early's army 
was in the vicinity of Bunker Hill, north-west of the position 
held by Sheridan. A rapid advance along the Winchester road 
would place our forces in the rear of the Confederate army, and 
the opportunity was quickly embraced. The Sixth and J^ine- 
teenth corps commenced the advance at three a. m., on the 19th. 
Crook followed three hours later and Joined the main column at 
the crossing of the Opequan. Our advance was stubbornly re- 
sisted, and our first and second lines were thrown temporarily 
into some confusion. But Sheridan soon got his artillery into 
position, when order was restored and our wavering ranks re- 
formed. 

Battles of Winchester and Fisher's Hill, Va. 

A desperate contest ensued — the opposing lines being at 
some points not more than 200 yards apart. . A cavalry charge, 
made at a critical moment, decided the fortunes of the day 
and gave us the victory. Early was driven from the field in 
confusion, retreating toward Fisher's Hill, a short distance 
south of Strasburg, closely followed by our forces. We took 
over 2,000 prisoners and a large number of guns. On the 22d, 
Sheridan attacked the Confederate position at Forbes' Hill. 
The battle commenced in the forenoon, with manoeuvring for 
position. General Crook succeeded in flanking the enemy's left, 
and subsequently made a terrific charge, carrying the enemy be- 
fore him and turning him out of his intrenchments in great 



War of the Hebellion. 119 

confusion. At the same time, Wright attacked in the center 
and Emory on the left, and Averill skirted along the base of 
the South Mountain. With great rapidity, the Sixth corps broke 
in the enemy's center, separating his two wings, when the Con- 
federates broke and fled in great disorganization toward Wood- 
stock. Eleven hundred prisoners and 16 pieces of artillery were 
captured, besides a great many caissons and artillery horses, with 
ammunition, small arms, and such spoils as fall from an army 
retreating under great disadvantages. Early retreated, panic- 
stricken, toward and beyond Staunton, our cavalry treading close 
upon his heels and capturing many guns and prisoners. The 
pursuit was continued as far as Staunton. In these two engage- 
ments, and the pursuit that followed, over 10,000 Confederates 
were put liors cle combat. 

Battle of Cedar Creek, Va. — Sheridan's Ride. 
General Sheridan, after occupying Staunton, leisurely fell 
back toward Strasburg. At Fisher's Hill he was attacked by the 
Confederate General Eosser, October 9th, 1864, who hoped to 
destroy his rear; but our forces wheeled about and repulsed 
them, capturing 11 guns and 47 wagons, and over 300 
prisoners. Sheridan then continued to fall back as far as 
Cedar Creek. Here he was attacked by Early on October 
19th. The attack was made before daybreak, at a moment 
when Sheridan himself was absent from the army. So sudden 
was the onslaught that our lines were thrown into confusion, 
and there was every prospect of a serious disaster to our arms. 
The left flank of the Eighth corps was turned; our army was 
driven back four miles, losing 20 pieces of artillery. At this 
critical juncture, Sheridan arrived in person, put himself at the 
head of our demoralized forces, and by the magnetism of his 
presence, stayed the panic and stopped the retreat. Reforming 
his lines, he awaited an attack, which was made at one p.m., and 
repulsed it. At three P- m., he assumed the offensive, attacked 
the enemy and completely routed him, driving him from the 
field and capturing 54 pieces of artillery. Eederal loss, 588 



120 Historical Sketch of- the 

killed, 3,516 wounded and 1,891 missing; Confederates, 3,000 
killed or wounded and 1,200 missing. This virtually ended the 
campaign in the Shenandoah, and left Sheridan "master of the 
situation." 

The Confederates under Price Invade Missouri. 

In the early autumn Missouri became once more the scene of 
Confederate incursions. October 7th, General Price crossed the 
Osage riyer at the head of a force over 20,000 strong, and marched 
into the State. On the morning of the 8th, the enemy appeared 
before our works at Jefierson City, but returned without giving 
battle. On the afternoon of the 9th they entered California, 
twenty-five miles west of Jefferson City, on the Pacific railroad, 
and burned the depot and a train of cars. Later in the day they 
were driven from the place with the aid of a battery, which in- 
flicted serious loss upon them. From California the advance 
was continued to Booneville, where the Confederate General 
Shelby crossed the Missouri with a cavalry force 2,000 strong. 
Several bridges on the Pacific railroad were burned, and a large 
amount of valuable railroad property destroyed. The St. Joseph 
railroad also suffered considerable damage. General Price issued 
a proclamation to the people, announcing himself as their de- 
liverer, and calling upon them to rally round his standard. 
Defeat of the Confederates at Independence, Mo. 

In the meantime a detachment of other Confederates attacked 
Pilot Knob near Ironton. Our troops, commanded by General 
Ewing, abandoned tlieir position and fell back toward Kolla, the 
enemy trying to flank them. In the meantime, our forces 
rapidly concentrated. General Rosecrans took the field in person 
and marched against the invaders. Price retreated toward 
Kansas, closely pursued by our army, while he was unexpectedly 
confronted by a second Federal column marching to meet him 
under General Curtiss. A battle was fought near Independence, 
October 22d, in which the enemy were signally defeated, losing 
3 guns and a large number of prisoners. Price continued 
his retreat, but was again overhauled by our forces under Pleas- 



War of the Eebellion. 121 

anton, at Big Blue and Osage river, and severely repulsed. He 
succeeded in getting back into Arkansas in a damaged condition, 
having lost the greater part of his train, full one-third of his 
army in killed, wounded and prisoners, and a considerable por- 
tion of his artillery. Among the captured was Confederate 
Major-General Marmaduke. 

Sinking of the Confederate Privateer Alabama. 
The Alabama was attacked by the U. S. War Ship Kearsarge 
off the port of Cherbourg, France, on June 19th, 18(i4. A 
brisk engagement took place, but it soon became apparent 
that the privateer was no match for her antagonist, and in 
less than an hour's time she began to sink. The crew tried 
to save themselves by jumping overboard; a portion of them 
were picked up by our boats, while most of the remainder, in- 
cluding the commander, Semmes, were taken aboard by the Eng- 
lish yacht Deerliound, whose captain pretended to be on the 
ground accidentally, but was really there to lend his secession 
friends a helping hand. Semmes and a portion of his crew were 
landed in England, where a brilliant ovation awaited them. 
The loss, on the Alahama was 9 killed, 21 wounded, and 70 
missing, that on the Kearsarge, 1 mortally, and 3 severely 

wounded. 

Capture of the Confederate Privateer Florida. 

The pirate Florida met a somewhat similar fate. After 
destroying a large number of vessels, she put into the harbor of 
Bahia, Brazil, for coal and repairs, where she was followed by 
the U. S. Ship Wachusett. On the night of October 7th, 1864, 
while the Confederate Captain Morris and 75 of the crew 
were ashore, the commander of the Federal vessel. Captain 
Cushing, quietly raised anchor, and drove his ship straight into 
the privateer. So sudden was the attack, that those on board 
the latter were taken entirely by surprise and surrendered with- 
out a struggle. A hawser was attached to the captured vessel, 
when the Wachusett, putting on a full head of steam, hastily 
put out to sea with her prize in tow. The guns of the fort 
16 



122 Historical Sketch of .the 

guarding the entrance of the harbor opened on her, and a couple 
of Brazilian men-of-war steamed after her, but they did not 
overhaul her. Strangely enough, the Florida was sunk just be- 
fore arriving at Fortress Monroe, by being accidentally run into 
by a government transport. 

Destruction of the Confederate " ram " Albemarle. 

The Confederate naval monster Albemarle, for some time the 
terror of the Korth Carolina w\T.ters, was destroyed by Picket 
Launch No. 2, of Admiral Porter's fleet, on the night of October 
28th, 1864. The launch under command of Lieutenant Cush- 
ing, run the gauntlet of a line of Confederate batteries nearly 
two miles long, made at the Albemarle under full head of steam, 
struck her nearly amidships, and planted a torpedo under her 
overhang. An enormous hole was stove through her and she 
soon went down to the bottom, but not until she had fired a gun 
into the launch, which caused it to sink instantly. Lieutenant 
Cushing ordered his men to save themselves, divested himself of 
his coat and boots, swam ashore under a shower of bullets, took 
to the swamp and found his way within our lines. His brave 
comrades were, it is supposed, all either drowned or captured. 
The Confederates Attempt to Recapture Atlanta, Ga. 

General Sherman having established himself in Atlanta, the 
enemy made desperate efforts to destroy his communications, and 
thus compel him to evacuate it. Forrest crossed the Tennessee 
and took Athens, Alabama, with its garrison 500, together with 
300 men sent to their support. The Confederates then marched 
upon Pulaski, where they were confronted by General Rousseau, 
Avho offered battle, which was declined, but moved eastward to 
attack the Nashville and Chattanooga railroad. They were 
again headed off by Eousseau, who rapidly moved his army to 
Tullahoma. The Confederates again avoided battle, retreating 
westward. Sherman having dispatched Thomas to attend to 
Forrest, and the Tennessee being greatly swollen, the latter re- 
crossed the river and retreated northward. Hood also endeav- 
ored to get into the rear of Sherman's lines, in order to make him 



Wae of the Rebellion. 123 

let go his hold on Atlanta. On September 19th he began to move 
his army from the Macon to the West Point railroad, prehmmary 
to another movement which would put his army between Sher- 
man and Chattanooga. Crossing the Chattahoochee, October 
2nd, he moved on to Dallas. 

Retreat of the Confederates under General Hood. 
General Sherman, leaving a garrison at Atlanta, followed 
him; and crossed the Chattahoochee on the 4th, sending a 
division of the Fifteenth corps under General Corse, to Rome; 
but Sherman, learning that Hood was marching on Dallas, 
ordered Corse to -hasten to Atlanta, where a million and a 
half of rations had been stored, and upon which a Con- 
federate force was advancing. It was attacked October 6th 
by the Confederate General French, but our forces success- 
fully held it, losing 700 out of 1,700. The enemy lost 200 in 
killed, and over 1,000 in wounded and prisoners. General Sher- 
man arrived at Kensoe in time to witness the repulse of the 
enemv, but too late to take part in the engagement. Hood being 
pressed upon flank and rear, retreated toward the South-west 
and Sherman, having restored his communications, returned 
with a portion of his army to Atlanta, leaving the rest under 
Thomas to operate against Hood and Forrest. 

.The Confederates Attempt to unite their Armies. 
About the same time, the Confederate General Breckinridge 
moved with a considerable force upon East Tennessee. Novem- 
ber 12th he attacked our forces under General GiUman and drove 
them from their intrenchments. On the next day he again 
attacked them near Russellville, our forces gradually falhng 
back in the direction of Knoxville. The Confederates pursued 
as far as Strawberry Plains. We lost somewhat heavily m killed 
and wounded, besides several hundred prisoners. Our forces 
in Northern Georgia and Southern Tennessee having been re- 
duced by the expedition of Generals Sherman, Hood and Beau- 
reo-ard moved northward, our army gradually falling back m the 
direction of Nashville. The object was apparently to form a 



124 Historical Sketch of the 

junction with Breckinridge, and with the combined forces secure 
a lodgment in East Tennessee, and haye possession of the Ten- 
nessee and Virginia Valley railroad. 

Defeat of the Confederate Armies at Franklin, Tenn. 

On November 30th, our main army had reached Franklin, eigh- 
teen miles south of Nashville, when General Schofield, who was 
immediately in command, prepared to give battle. At four p. m., 
the enemy commenced advancing on our line, when our batteries 
opened, shelling them, followed soon after by cannonading along 
the whole line. The enemy, protected by woods, opened a volley 
of musketry and charged. For a moment tlie Federal line wav- 
ered and fell back, but soon rallied, and in turn charged the 
enemy, when a desperate conflict ensued. Our forces were swung 
on the Confederate flank, doubling them in the center and mow- 
ing them down by hundreds . Our men swept back on the enemy's 
line, hurling them back in confusion. The Federal loss did not 
exceed 2,300, while the enemy lost fearfully. No less than 6,000 
were killed or wounded, while we took 1,000 prisoners. 
Engagements at Nashville and Franklin, Tenn. 

General Hood attempted to invest Nashville, while he fortified 
himself in his position in front of our lines. General Thomas, 
reinforced, determined to dislodge him, and on the morning of 
December 15th, 1864, attacked liis left with great fury, driving it 
from the river below the city, as far as Franklin's Pike, a distance 
of nearly eight miles. He captured Chalmers' train and head- 
quarters, another train of 20 wagons, together with 1,000 prisoners 
and 16 pieces of artillery. The Confederates fell back in great 
confusion, followed by our forces. The battle was renewed on 
the 16th, when Thomas achieved one of the most decisive vic- 
tories of the war. The enemy was routed on left, right and 
center; his army was cut in two and hurled back toward 
Franklin, crushed and disorganized. The battle-field was strewn 
with arms, abandoned by the enemy, while no less than 49 can- 
non fell into our hands. We captured 4,462 prisoners. While 
the Confederate loss in killed and wounded numbered at least 



War of the Rebellion. 125 

3,000, our entire loss in the day's fighting did not exceed 2,100. 
The enemy were pursued to Franklin, near which place their 
rear guard was attacked on the 17th and severely whipped, los- 
ing 1,800 prisoners and many guns. 

A Series of Confederate Disasters. 

General Forrest attacked our forces at Murfreesboro, and was 
terribly repulsed, losing no less than 1,500 in killed and wounded, 
who fell into our hands. In this series of engagements we cap- 
tured and brought in just 6,000 prisoners, making 9,000 counting 
the wounded at Franklin. We also captured four Major-Generals, 
including Generals Jackson and Johnson, as well as Brigadier-Gen- 
erals Smith and Koger. Hood had 75 pieces of artillery, of which 
we captured 68 pieces. Our entire loss did not reach 3,500. Hood^s 
entire loss in the series of engagements, was 17,000, and 18 general 
officers. At the same time a severe blow was dealt the Confederates 
from another quarter. An expedition to co-operate with Sher- 
man left Vicksburg in the latter part of November. It reached 
the Mississippi Central railroad on the 25th of that month, and 
after a stubborn fight succeeded in destroying the Big Black 
Eiver bridge. It also destroyed thirty miles of track, including 
culverts, the wagon bridge over the Big Black Vaughan pike, 
and Goodman's Station, with all the railroad depots and build- 
ings, 2,600 bales of cotton, 2 locomotives, 4 cars, 4 stage coaches, 
20 barrels of salt, and $166,000 worth of stores at Vaughan^s 
Station. It severed Hood's communications with Mobile, cut 
him off from his main supply of stores and provisions, and seri- 
ously threatened his rear. 

General Sherman's March to the Sea. 
General Sherman, in early November, 1864, resolved upon one 
of the most daring acts in the history of military achievements. 
This was nothing less than to march boldly through the heart of 
the Confederacy, coming out on the Atlantic coast. Leaving 
General Thomas to take care of Hood, he proposed to start on 
his perilous enterprise at the head of some 40,000 troops, cavalry 
and infantry. Rome, Marietta and Atlanta were effectually 



126 Historical Sketch of xhe 

swept of all the property and buildings that could aid the enemy. 
Many car-loads of stores and materials were sent back to Chatta- 
nooga, others loaded for the expedition, and the surplus — be- 
tween one and two millions in value — were destroyed by fire. 
The railroad to Chattanooga was torn up, and all rolling-stock 
burned or removed. All factories, railroad stations, and public 
buildings in the adjoining region were also burned. General 
Sherman marched out of Atlanta on November 14th, in two 
wings, the right nnder Howard, and the left under Slocum, 
with a cavalry advance for each. Howard marched through East- 
port, driving off with his cavalry advance the enemy's mounted 
troops under Iverson, and eventually arrived at Jonesboro on 
the 16th. From Jonesboro he marched to McDonough and to 
Griffin, repulsing Wheeler's troops again at Bear Creek, ten miles 
above Griffin. Wheeler^s cavalry retreated to Griffin, and his 
infantry to Barnesville. The public buildings, stations, etc., at 
Jonesboro and McDonough were burned. 

Destruction of Railroad and Telegraphic Communications. 
On Friday, the 18th, Howard pushed on to Griffin, which is on 
the Macon railroad, forty-eight miles from Atlanta, and fifty-eight 
from Macon. His cavalry Avent down to Forsyth, there cutting the 
railroad to Macon. Meanwhile, on the 19th and 20th, the infantry 
column marched easterly to Jackson and Indian Spring, and thence 
to Monticello and Hillsboro, which places they reached. on the 
20th, after crossing the Ocmulgee river at Planters Factory on the 
19th. On November 22d, Howard entered Milledgeville, where 
he burned the penitentiary and other public buildings, while the 
cavalry captured Grisw^oldville, ten miles east of Macon, on the 
Georgia Central railroad, where (November 30th) they burned 
the foundry and other works, captured and burned a lumber 
train, and destroyed railroad and telegraph communication 
between Macon and Savannah. At the same time Slocum moved 
to Decatur. At Stone Mountain he burned the public buildings 
and storehouses, and by the 17th had reached Social Circle, fifty 
miles from Atlanta, on the Augusta road, where he burned the 
depot. 



Wak of the Rebellion. 127 

The Federal Columns unite at Milledgeville, Ga. 

On the 19th, our cavahy reached Madison, a town one hun- 
dred and three miles west of Augusta, on the Georgia road, 
and there burned the depot and other public buildings. Next 
day, our troops had arrived at Buckhead, the next town easterly, 
on the same road, ninety-four miles west of Augusta. From 
Buckhead our cavalry crossed the Oconee, and on Sunday after- 
noon, the 20tli, arrived at Greensboro, eighty-four miles west of 
Augusta. Thence they marched on Union Point, where the 
Athens branch unites with the main Georgia railroad. The two 
columns united at Milledgeville, which place the combined army 
left November 24th, en rcmte for Millen. The main body crossed 
the Oconee near Milledgeville, destroyed the bridge over that 
river, and the railroad bridge over Fisher's creek, south of the 
city. A large force of cavalry demonstrated at the Central rail- 
road bridge over the Oconee, twenty-five miles south-east of Mil- 
ledgeville, which was defended in earthworks by the Confeder- 
ate General Wayne, who commanded an improvised brigade of 
stragglers and militia which had been picked up between Mil- 
ledgeville and Augusta. This road here runs for several miles 
through a swamp, which borders the west bank of the Oconee. 
Federal Cavalry Raids in Central Georgia. 
General Wheeler, who had been left in the rear at Macon, took a 
swift circuit southward through Twiggs, Wilkinson and Lau- 
rens counties, and crossed the Oconee to Wayne's assistance at 
Buckeye Bridge, eighteen miles below the railroad bridge. 
But this availed nothing, for Howard's column, in moving 
upon Sandersville, in Washington county, marched down the 
east bank of the Oconee, and Wayne hearing of it, imagined he 
was flanked, and on the 25th retired in precipitate haste to 
Davisboro, and thence in the direction of Louisville, the county 
seat of Jefferson county. The advance of Howard's column 
reached Sandersville, November 26th. The railroad was cut 
again, and the depot burned at Tennille Station, immediately 
south of Sandersville. The left wing, under Slocum, headed 



12S HisTOEicAL Sketch of the 

northward, aiming for Sparfca, on the 24th encamped at Dever- 
eaux, and the cavahy scoured the whole country, one of the 
richest in the South. Vast quantities of forage and provisions 
were destroyed, a large number of horses and mules captured, 
and much cotton burned. The Georgia Central railroad was 
also seriously damaged. 

Sherman Establishes Communications with the Federal Fleet. 

General Slocum marched through Sparta to Gibson, Glascock 
county, and then moved upon Louisville, converging with the 
right wing near the latter place. The whole army appeared 
in the vicinity of Millen, December 2d. having succeeded in 
completely mystifying the enemy, in making them believe that 
he intended to attack Augusta and Warren. After leaving 
Millen, General Sherman moved rapidly upon Savannah, and 
on the 9th of December, General Howard struck the canal 
which connects the Ogeechee with the Savannah at a point about 
ten miles in the rear (west) of the city. From this point and 
on the evening of the same day, he sent three of his most trusted 
scouts. Captain Duncan and Sergeants Myron J. Emmick and 
George W. Quimby, in a small boat, down the Ogeechee river, 
passing Fort McAllister in the night, and communicated on the 
11th with the gunboat Dandelion, of Admiral Dahlgren's fleet 
off Ossabaw sound, wiiich immediately took them on board, and 
arrived at Port Royal harbor on the next morning. On the 13th, 
General Sherman aj^peared before Fort McAllister, Avhich com- 
manded the Ogeechee river. This place he carried by assault, 
thus establishing communications with our fleet. 

Surrender of Fort McAllister and Savannah, Ga. 

This march of General Sherman was one of the most remark- 
able on record. His army traveled a distance of nearly three 
hundred miles in less than four weeks, and without losing over 
1,500 men all told. He destroyed over two hundred miles of 
railroad, gathered up 8,000 or 10,000 negroes, took 4,000 prison- 
ers, burned and captured a vast amount of stores, collected 15,000 
horses and mules, and had more supplies, and more wagons and 



Wak of the Rebellion. 129 

stores when he arrived on the seaboard than when he started 
from Atlanta. He overran forty- two counties and devastated a 
belt of country fifty miles wide. Having captured Fort McAl- 
lister, he proceeded to invest Savannah, which was garrisoned by 
from 13,000 to 15,000 troops under General Hardee. On Decem- 
ber 21st the city surrendered to General Sherman without firing 
a gun. Hardee and his army escaped the night before by cross- 
ing the river and reaching the open country by Avay of Union 
Causeway. The Confederates destroyed the navy-yard and blew 
up the iron-clads. Sherman captured 800 prisoners, 150 guns, 
14 locomotives in good order, 190 cars, a large lot of ammunition 
and materials of war, 3 steamers, and 33,000 bales of cotton. 

Destruction of the Pocatoligo Bridge, S. O. 

An expedition to co-operate with Sherman by cutting railroad 
communications between Charleston and Savannah, left Port 
Royal on the 29th of November. It consisted of all General 
Foster's available forces, which embarked on transports. After 
cutting the railroad near Pocatoligo, our army proceeded toward 
Grahamville, near which place it encountered a considerable 
Confederate force, under command of General Gustavus W. 
Smith. The enemy was partially intrenched, and held a strong- 
position. The attack was commenced by General Foster, and 
the fight lasted from eleven in the morning until the approach 
of night brought it to a close. The enemy reported a loss of 
between 80 and 100 killed and wounded, and ipiit our causalties 
at a much greater figure. General Foster, finding the position 
too strong to be taken without a great sacrifice of life, fell back 
to a position on the line of the railroad, where he intrenched 
himself. On December 6th another expedition, under the joint 
command of General Foster and Admiral Dahlgren, started 
from Beaufort up the Broad river. The object was to destroy 
the Pocatoligo bridge on the Savannah and Charleston railroad, 
which was successfully accomplished after a brief engagement. 
17 



130 HiSTOKicAL Sketch of the 

Federal Cavalry Raid through Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. 

An imjoortant expedition was organized under the direction of 
General Can by. A force of cavalry 5;, 000 strong, commanded 
by General Davidson, left Baton Rouge November 27th. From 
thence it marched to Tanghipicho, where it destroyed the 
Jackson railroad for a distance of five miles, and burned all 
the railroad buildings, bridges and trestle-work. The same 
afternoon the force started for Franklinville. Here a number 
of prisoners and a mail were captured. The railroad at this 
point was destroyed. Scott's command bushwhacked the whole 
distance. This command then crossed Pearl river, where several 
more prisoners and a mail were captured. From this they went 
to the State line, on the Pascagoula river, and occupied West 
Pascagoula. The march was continued through Southern Mis- 
sissippi, Alabama and Florida, the enemy everywhere repulsed 
or fleeing at the sight of our advancing column. Railroads were 
torn up, bridges were burned, and a vast amount of property 
destroyed. The utmost consternation prevailed among the Con- 
federates. The Governor of Alabama issued a proclamation call- 
ing upon the i)eop]e to rush to the rescue, and j^romising to lead 
them in person against the hated Yankees. 

Federal Naval Expedition against Fort Fisher, N. C. 

On the loth of December a large expedition sailed from 
Hampton roads for the southern coast. It consisted of some 
10,000 troops, under command of General Butler and a fleet of 
transports, monitors, gunboats, etc., under command of Admiral 
Porter. Its destination was unknown, though it was generally 
supposed to be Wilmington, North Carolina. A severe storm 
was encountered oft Cape Hatteras, and one of the small moni- 
tors was seriously disabled; but the advance of the fleet reached 
Beaufort harbor on the morning of the loth, where the expedi- 
tion was ordered to rendezvous. Owing to a storm that pre- 
vailed, active operations were delayed for several days, and it 
was not until the 24th that our fleet appeared opposite Fort 
Fisher, twenty miles below Wilmington. 



War of the Eebellion. 131 

General Butler orders the Federal Forces to re-embark. 

A vigorous cannonading was opened on the fort on the after- 
noon of December 24th, histing till nearly dark, when the 
enemy's guns were silenced. During this engagement no less 
than 6 100-pounder Parrot guns on our vessels exploded, by 
which 13 men were killed and 35 wounded. Two of our ships, 
the Mackinac and Osceola, were badly damaged, but they were 
safely hauled off. On the morning of the 25th, the attack was 
renewed, the fleet opening fire, and a force of 3,000 troops, under 
General Weitzel, landed close to the fort. Our skirmishing line 
advanced close up to the fortifications, while a few of our pick- 
ets, under cover of the fire of the gunboats, even scaled the 
parapet; but for somic unaccountable reason General Butler, 
who commanded the expedition, ordered our forces to withdraw 
and re-embark on board the vessels. The weather being threat- 
ening, and the commanding general being of the opinion that 
the fort was impregnable, the expedition was abandoned, against 
the earnest remonstrance of Admiral Porter, who was of the 
opinion that it *' would have been no very difficult task to take 
the position." 

The Second Expedition against Fort Fisher. 

The failure of the expedition proved a great disappointment 
to the country, and the conduct of General Butler was sharply 
criticised. General Grant evidently agreed with Admiral Porter, 
and quietly resolved to retrieve the disgrace of the failure. He 
secretly organized another ex]3edition under the joint command 
of Admiral Porter and General Alfred H. Terry. The land 
forces consisted of about 10,000 men, exclusive of 1,000 marines. 
The expedition set sail from Beaufort, January 11th, and ar- 
rived off Federal Point on the morning of the 13th. On the 
afternoon of that day the troops were disembarked, with pro- 
visions for twelve days. At the same time Porter sent five mon- 
itors — the MonadnocTc, Maliopac, Saugus, Cano7iicus and New 
Ironsides — against the enemy^s works, which opened fire within 
a th>""usand yards of the fort. The effect was most damaging, 



132 Historical Sketch o's the 

and the Confederate guns were soon silenced. The wooden 
ships followed, forming a second line of attack. The bombard- 
ment was resumed on the 14th and continued until sunset, when, 
in the expressive language of Admiral Porter, " the fort was re- 
duced to a pulp.^' 

A joint and Land Naval Attack by the Federal Forces. 

A reconnoissance was made by General Terry, and it was 
arranged that a joint land and naval attack should be made 
at three a. m. on the morning of the 15th. The assaulting 
party was formed in two separate columns, one consisting of a 
naval brigade, 1,200 strong, under Commander Breese, and the 
other, 3,000 strong, under General Ames. The former advanced 
against the seaward front of the fort, under a terrible fire. A 
desperate charge was made, but our forces were compelled to fall 
back. But while the enemy were giving their whole attention 
to this attack by only a brigade of our forces. General Ames was 
quietly entering the eastern side of the fort, facing the river. 
The enemy^s works at this point consisted of seventeen immense 
bomb-proof traverses. Seven of these were sj)eedily gained, and 
the eighth was reached, but subsequently regained by the enemy. 
Surrender of Fort Fisher and Fort Caswell, N. O. 

Here a desperate contest, lasting nearly eight hours, ensued. 
The fleet pounded away at the batteries still in the possession of 
the enemy. At four p. m. one-half of the fort was in our possession, 
and the contest was maintained until nine P. M., when our exhausted 
troops were reinforced. A final charge drove the enemy from 
the fort toward the extremity of the point, where the surrender 
was made. The number of prisoners taken was 1,900. Our loss 
was quite heavy, that in the military division being 691. Ad- 
miral Porter^s loss was about 600. Among the captures were 55 
heavy guns. The capture of Fort Fisher was immediately fol- 
lowed by that of Fort Caswell and all the fortifications com- 
manding the channels of Cape Fear river. On the morning after 
the capture of Fort Fisher an explosion occurred, by which over 
200 of our brave fellows were either killed or maimed. 



War of the Rebellion. 133 

Capture of Fort Anderson and Wilmington, N. O. 

After the capture of Fisher and the other forts, the enemy 
rapidly retreated toward AVilmington, vigorously followed by our 
land and naval forces. The river was thickly sown with torpe- 
does, and our vessels were compelled to advance very cautiously. 
February 11th, 1865, a formidable movement against the city Avas 
made, which resulted in advancing our position some ten miles, 
meeting with considerable opposition, and losing some sixty men 
in killed and wounded. On the 17th, the Federal fleet attacked 
Fort Anderson, the last strong point on the river, just below Wil- 
mington, while General Schofield, who now commanded the dis- 
trict, advanced by land, hoping to cut off the retreat of the 
enemy. On the night of the 19th the enemy evacuated the fort, 
and succeeded in escaping capture. They left behind them ten 
heavy guns and a large quantity of ammunition. They made a 
slight stand on the 20th, but soon surrendered. Fort Anderson 
having fallen, Wilmington became untenable, and on the 21st 
the enemy began to evacuate it. On the 22d — Washington's 
birthday — it was occupied by our forces, and the stars and 
stripes were run up from the City Hall. The main portion of 
the Confederate garrison escaped; our captures, including those 
at Fort Anderson, aggregating 700 j^risoners and 30 guns. 

The Situation in South Carolina in 1865. 

Meantime, General Sherman was dealing crushing blows to 
the rebellion in South Carolina. The movement from Savannah, 
northward, commenced January 16th, by the transport from 
that city to Beaufort of Howard^s command, which consisted of 
Blair's and Logan's corps. Slocum, who commanded the left 
wing, started four days later, working up the right bank of the 
Savannah to Sister's Ferry. Owing to the high water and the 
want of pontoons a crossing was not effected until February 4th. 
At the same time, Howard had driven the enemy from Pontaligo, 
occupied and burned McPhersonville, and was moving across 
the Salkehatchie. Blair, who had the advance, effected the 
passage of the river, in the face of the enemy, who made a de- 



134 Historical Sketch of- the 

termined but unsuccessful stand. Two positions were thus 
gained on the Charleston aud Augusta railroad, which prevented 
the enemy from concentrating their forces. They rapidly re- 
treated, behind the Edisto, to Branchville. This place was 
threatened by the Seventeenth corps, which compelled the Con- 
federates to destroy the bridges crossing the river. 

The Confederate Forces fall back upon Columbia, S. C. 

Orders were given by General Sherman to destroy the railroad, 
which was thoroughly done. In the meantime, General Kilpatrick 
made a diversion with his cavalry force toward Aiken, w4th a view 
to threaten Augusta. February 8th, General Williams occupied 
Graham^s Station, and on the 10th reached Blackwell, from 
which place to Windsor the destruction of the railroad w^as con- 
tinued. General Sherman now directed a movement on Orange- 
burg. On the 12th, the Seventeenth corps encountered the 
enemy at Orangeburg bridge, and dislodged him after a stubborn 
fight. Our forces emerged from the swamp, crossed the river 
and took possession of Orangeburg. General Blair destroyed the 
railroad as far as Lewisville, and on the 14th forced the enemy 
to retreat across the Congaree and burn the bridges behind them. 
Our army then headed directly for Columbia, South Carolina. 
On the 15th the enemy were found in strong position on the 
Little Congaree, but they were flanked, compelled to abandon the 
bridge and fall back upon the city. On the same day the head 
of our column appeared on the south bank of the river, opposite 
Columbia, but the bridge had been destroyed by the Confed- 
erates. A crossing was, however, effected on the next day, three 
miles above, by the Saluda and Broad rivers, and the city was 
approached from the north. 

Burning of Columbia, the Capital of South Carolina. 

On the 17th the place was occupied. General Sherman 
ordered the destruction of all arsenals and public property 
not needed for our own use, as well as all railroads, depots, 
and machinery useful in war to an enemy, but to spare all 
dwellings, colleges, schools, asylums, and harmless private 



Wak of the Eebellion. 135 

property. A high wind blew, and General Wade Hampton, 
commanding the Confederate rear guard, ordered all the cot- 
ton, public and private, to be burned. The flames commum- 
cated to some of the buildings, but the fire was partially sub- 
dued by the efforts of our soldiers. Before one snigie building 
had been fired by our orders, the smoldering fires, set by Hamp- 
ton's order, were rekindled by the wind, and commumcated to 
the buildings around. About dark they began to spread, and 
got beyond the control of the brigade on duty withm the city. 
The whole of Wood's division was brought in, but it was found 
impossible to check the flames, which, by midnight, had become 
unmanageable, and raged until about four A. m„ when, the wind 
subsiding, they were got under control. 

The Flames Extinguished by Federal Soldiers. 
General Sherman, in his report, says: - I disclaim on the part 
of my army, any agency in this fire, but on the contrary, claim 
that we saved what of Columbia remains unconsumed. And, 
without hesitation, I charge General Wade Hampton with hav- 
ing burned his own city of Columbia, not with a malicious intent, 
or as the manifestation of a silly ^ Roman stoicism,' but from 
folly and want of sense in filling it with lint, cotton and tmder. 
Our officers and men on duty worked well to extmguish the 
flames; but others not on duty, including the officers who had 
long been imprisoned there, rescued by us, may have assisted m 
spreading the fire after it had once begun, and may have in- 
dulged in unconcealed joy to see the ruin of the capital of South 
Carolina. During the 18th and 19th, the arsenal, railroad de- 
pots, machine shops, foundries and other buildings were properly 
destroyed by detailed working parties, and the railroad track 
torn up and destroyed down to KingsviUe and the Wateree 
bridge, and up in the direction of Winnsboro." 

Heavy Rains Impede the Movements of the Federal Army. 
Leaving Columbia, General Sherman made a feint toward Char- 
lotte, N. C, whither Beauregard had retreated. Our movement 
north was seriously impeded by heavy rains, which continued many 



136 Historical Sketch of the 

days. The Twentieth corps reached Hanging Rock on the 26th, 
and the left wing pushed rapidly toward Cheraw. In the mean- 
time the right wing had broken up the railroad to Winnsboro, 
and then hurried for Peay's Ferry, when it was crossed over the 
Catawba, the Seventeenth corps moving straight on Cheraw, via 
Young's bridge, and the Fifteenth by Kelly's bridge. Detach- 
ments were sent to Camden to burn the bridge over the Wateree, 
also to break up the railroad from Charleston to Florence. On 
the 2d of March a portion of the Twentieth corps entered 
Chesterfield, while on the 3d, the Seventeenth corps entered 
Cheraw, the enemy retreating across the Pedee. Prom this 
point the army was put in motion toward Fayetteville, N. C, 
which place was reached, without serious opposition, on the 11th 
of March. Here there was some lively skirmishing with Wade 
Hampton's forces, but no general engagement. The arsenal 
and other public buildings at Fayetteville were destroyed. 

Defeat of the Confederates at Bentonville, N. C. 

At this point General Slierman jDut himself in communication 
with General Schofield. The same day the gunboat Eolus, Cap- 
tain Young, United States navy, also reached Fayetteville, and 
through her he continued to have communication with Wilming- 
ton until the day of his actual departure. While the work of 
destruction was going on at Fayetteville two pontoon bridges were 
laid across Cape Fear river, one opposite the town, the other 
three miles below. On March loth the army commenced mov- 
ing on Goldsboro, feigning a movement on Raleigh. The fol- 
lowing day the enemy under General Hardee, were discovered 
in an intrenched position. A sharp engagement ensued, result- 
ing in the defeat of the enemy, and the capture of 3 guns and 
217 prisoners. One hundred and eight Confederate dead were 
buried by us. The enemy concentrated near Bentonville, where 
they were attacked on the 19th. Our advance being repulsed 
and our entire line, temporarily pushed back, a new line was 
formed behind hastily-constructed intrenchments, against which 
the enemy made five assaults, but unsuccessfully. They with- 



War of the Rebellion. 137 

drew during the night. The 20th, Sherman attacked with his 
whole army, and the enemy that night fell back to Smithyille. 
The Federal loss was 191 killed, 1,168 wounded, and 287 missing. 
Confederates, 267 killed, 1,200 wounded, and 1,625 missing. 
Junction of Federal Armies at Goldsboro, N. C. 
The next day Sherman was at Goldsboro, which Schofield 
had already occupied. The three armies formed a junction on 
the very day appointed by Sherman. Schofield commenced his 
march from Newbern to Goldsboro on March 6th. He was op- 
posed by General Bragg, who first made a stand at Kingston, 
where he was largely reinforced. On the 7th there was active 
skirmishing with the enemy, and on the 8th a portion of the 
Federal skirmishing line was captured. Our loss in prisoners 
was about 600 men, while 3 guns were captured by the enemy. 
In following up the attack the enemy were repulsed. On the 
10th they were attacked and so vigorously pushed that they 
were compelled to fall back across the Neuse, leaving the way 
open to Kingston, which was occupied by our forces on the 13th. 
Eight days from that time General Schofield's army was in 
Goldsboro. 

The Stars and Stripes Float over Fort Sumter, S. C. 
The capture of Columbia, South Carolina, and the possession 
of the railroad from Charleston to Augusta, by our forces, ren- 
dered the *' cradle of secession" untenable. The evacuation 
commenced on the night of February 15th, and was quietly 
carried on two days and nights. Early on the morning of the 
18th it was discovered that the Confederate works were aban- 
doned, when our forces hastened to take possession. The Fed- 
eral flag was immediately hoisted over Fort Sumter by a detach- 
ment of the Twenty-first U. S. Colored Troops, while Fort 
Moultrie and the works on James Island were simultaneously 
occupied. Soon after the city was entered by our forces under 
General Schimmelpfennig, a formal tender of surrender was 
made by the municipal authorities. The enemy previous to re- 
tiring set fire to all the buildings in which cotton was stored. 
18 



138 HisTOEicAL Sketch of the 

The flames sj^read on every side, and for a time the city seemed 
doomed; but thanks to the exertions of our soldiers, the fire was 
arrested and Charleston rescued from the doom which she so 
richly merited. The enemy destroyed all their iron-clad vessels 
in the harbor, and left behind them 450 cannon, most of them 
rifled, and many of them of English manufacture. 

General Sheridan Sweeps the Shenandoah Valley. 

On February 27th, General Sheridan commenced a movement 
up the Shenandoah valley, leaving a small force behind him at 
Winchester. Eeaching Waynesboro, his advance, under Gen- 
eral Custer, met the enemy in force, when an engagement took 
place, resulting in the rout of the latter. We captured 11 can- 
non and 1,G00 prisoners. The day following Charlottesville was 
captured by our forces. Sheridan now moved southward toward 
the James river, in two columns. One under command of Gen- 
eral Diven took a direct southern course to Prattsville, destroy- 
ing all the bridges, mills and manufactories along the Rivanna 
river, as far as Columbia. The other division struck for Lynch- 
burg, destroying the railroad as far as Amherst, a distance of 
forty miles; while Diven's division proceeded westward along 
the banks of the James river, destroying every lock on the 
canal as far as Dugaldsville, twenty miles from Lynchburg. On 
account of the high water in the river, Sheridan was unable to 
cross, so he moved around the north side of Richmond, and 
crossing at Deep Bottom, joined General Meade's army south of 
Petersburg. This " raid " was especially damaging to the Con- 
federates and went far toward making Richmond untenable. 
The Confederates under Lee Assume the Aggressive. 

The long inactivity in front of Petersburg was at last broken. 
On the 25th of March General Lee suddenly attacked our forces 
south of the Appomattox, at Fort Steadman. By massing his 
forces at this point, and hurling them suddenly and impetuously 
against the weakest point of our long line he hoped to break it, 
and thus compel General Grant to raise the siege. He massed 
three divisions of his army in front of the fort above named, and 



War of the Eebellion. 139 

by a sudden rush succeeded in surprising and capturing the gar- 
rison, and turning the guns against the neighboring batteries. 
Three of these were abandoned and captured; but the enemy in 
attempting to capture Fort Haswell were checked. Our forces 
at this point (the First division of the Ninth corps) were rein- 
forced by the Third division under General Hartranf t, composed 
mostly of raw troops, which brought its batteries into position 
aud poured a concentrated fire on the enemy in Fort Steadman. 
Under cover of this cannonade, Hartranft succeeded, after a 
desperate struggle, in recapturing it with all its guns. The 
slauo-hter of the enemy was terrible. No less than 3,000 were 
placed liors de combat, while we captured 1,800 prisoners. Our 
loss did not exceed 1,000. 

General Grant Concentrates his Forces and Assumes the Oflfensive. 
This engagement was hardly over when General Grant as- 
sumed the offensive, by attacking the enemy at Hatcher's Run. 
The Confederate picket line was captured, when a position 
was taken to await the counter attack of the enemy, which 
commenced at half-past two p. m. The battle lasted until 
eight o'clock at night; our forces were then holding their own. 
This failure of Lee actually sealed the fate of Richmond. It 
became evident that the enemy would attempt to get away, and, 
if possible, establish a new -base" at a more southerly point. 
Thi- General Grant determined to prevent, and immediately 
took measures to assume the aggressive. He concentrated his 
forces by ordering the army of the James to the south side ot 
the river while he sent Sheridan with the Fifth corps, as an in- 
fantry support, to Dinwiddle Court-House. On the 29th of 
March he put his forces in motion, and encountered the enemy 
in large force, when active skirmishing ensued, in which the 
enemy gained some advantage. The Fifth corps, however, 
gained an advantageous position on the Boydtown plank road, 
from which, the next morning (March 31st), it advanced west- 
ward against the White Oak road. 



140 Historical Sketch of the 

The Confederate Army Flanked at Five Forks, Va. 

The enemy were encountered in large force at Gravelly Run, 
when a stubborn engagement ensued, in which Warren's corps 
suffered a repulse. This exposed Sheridan, and for a time his 
position was quite critical; but he succeeded in holding his own. 
On Saturday, April 1st, the Fifth corps were added to the com- 
mand of Sheridan, who immediately ordered General Griffin to 
relieve General Warren. Having been thus reorganized, he 
moved against the enemy, who were strongly intrenched at Big 
Five Forks, covering the Southside railroad. In the earlier part 
of the day only the cavalry forces were engaged in the immediate 
front of the enemy. A stubborn contest ensued. The enemy 
des^oerately disputed every inch of ground, but were finally 
driven within their intrenchments. This having been done. 
Griffin's corps were brought up on the right, the Confederates 
were completely flanked, and 5,500 prisoners captured. This 
result was signal and decisive. Grant now knew that he had the 
game in his own hands, and at daylight of April 2d, he ordered 
an attack along the whole line in front of Petersburg. 

The Federal Forces Capture Fort Mahone, Va. 
Heavy cannonading had been going on during the night. Gen- 
eral Wilcox was ordered to attack Fort Mahone, on the left, and 
massed a column for the purpose. Similar dispositions were 
made at other points along the line. Owing to a mist which 
hung over the field, the preparations had been concealed from 
the enemy. At four o'clock the signal was given. The men 
advanced quietly and in perfect order, with fixed bayonets. That 
they went to stay was indicated by their being accompanied by 
a detachment of heavy artillery, prepared to turn and work the 
enemy's guns. Presently musketry was heard, and the Con- 
federate picket line was reached; now a hearty cheer, followed 
by the roar of musketry. The cheering and musketry firing 
was taken up, and ran along to the left until it was lost in the 
distance. The artillery on both sides was at work, and 300 big 
guns belched forth their thunder; but the work was quickly 



War of the Rebellion. 14:1 

done. Harriman, of the Thirty-seventh Wisconsin, acting brig- 
adier, gave orders to "charge bayonets! double quick! "and 
away the Federal forces went over breastworks, rifle-pits, fl^^S^^^is, 
cheveaux de frize, and parapet of the fort into the main work, 
and the deed was accomplished. 

Desperate Efforts of the Confederates to Retake the Fort. 
For one moment the thunderstruck Confederates looked, and 
then took to flight. But our troops were too quick for all of 
them, and captured 250. Nine guns were found in the fort, and 
quickly trained and set at work on an annoying Confederate 
battery. This, with simultaneous operations to the left, cut the 
Confederate lines in two. Scarcely were we in quiet possession 
of the fort, however, when the enemy, having reorganized their 
forces, and picked up sundry reinforcements, came up with a 
determined effort to retake it. They made a most desperate 
assault, standing up manfully against terrific discharges of grape 
and cannister and withering volleys of musketry, but it was all 
to no purpose. Four times during the day did they attempt to 
retake this important position, but were each time sent reeling 
back in disorder, losing heavily. 

Confederates Evacuate Petersburg and Richmond, Va. 
At the same time, the Sixth and Twenty-fourth corps having 
broken through the Confederate lines in their front, were swung 
around their left, and came down both upon their rear and flank. 
Sunday night our troops occupied the entire line of Confederate 
intrenchments, from the Appomattox above Petersburg to the 
river below. The Confederates hastily evacuated Petersburg, 
and before daylight Monday, the 3d, it was occupied by the Na- 
tional forces. T'he evacuation of Kichmond followed. Sunday 
afternoon General Lee telegraphed to Jeff. Davis that all was 
lost. The latter was in church when he received the dispatch, 
and immediately prepared to leave the city. Before night he 
and his cabinet had departed, taking with them the '' govern- 
ment " archives, and such specie as they were able to collect 
from the banks of the city. Early Monday morning, April 5th, 



142 Historical Sketch of the 

General Weitzel entered Eichmond, and took possession, in the 
name of the Federal government. Five hundred guns, 5,000 
stand of arms, and 6,000 prisoners were captured. The enemy 
also abandoned 30 locomotives and 300 cars. Previous to leaving 
the city, General Ewell fired it, and a portion of the business part 
of the place was destroyed; but the flames were finally arrested 
by our soldiers. A few hours after its occupation by our forces, 
President Lincoln, who had been at City Point for several days, 
entered the city, where he was kindly received by the people. 
Retreat of the Confederate Army under General Lee. 

General Lee having been forced to abandon Petersburg and 
Eichmoncl, rapidly retreated toward Burkeville, with the evi- 
dent intention of reaching Lynchburg or Danville, and establish- 
ing a new ^* base '^ in South-western Virginia or North Carolina. 
But General Grant had taken measures to frustrate this. Sheri- 
dan with his cavalry was sent to ^Miead off "the Confederate 
army, while Meade pressed close upon its flank and rear. On 
the morning of April 5th, the main body of the Confederate 
army was near Amelia Court-House, forty-seven miles from 
Petersburg, while Sheridan, by making a wide detour, had 
reached Burkeville, fifteen miles farther west, and directly on 
the way to Lynchburg. He sharply attacked the enemy's flank; 
several corps of Meade's army were close at hand, and the pros- 
pect of *' bagging" the enemy were most flattering. On the 
afternoon of the oth, Sheridan telegraphed Grant: " I wish you 
were here yourself. I feel confldent of capturing the army of 
Northern Virginia, if we exert ourselves. I see no escape for 
Lee." The morning of the 6th, General Meade moved the Sec- 
ond, Fifth and Sixth corps upon the retreating columns of Lee. 
The Fifth corps made a long march, but was unable to strike the 
enemy until he had passed. 

Terms for Surrender of General Lee's Army Agreed Upon. 

The Second and Sixth corps struck the enemy near Deaton- 
ville; a sharp conflict followed, resulting in their rout and the 
capture of several thousand prisoners, including Generals Ewell, 



War of the Rebellion. 143 

Kershaw and Cusfcis Lee. Lee's position was now desperate. 
He had lost more than one-half his army, while the remainder 
of his troops were utterly demoralized and dispirited. General 
Grant, having arrived at the front, addressed, on the 7th, the 
following note to General Lee: ^'General — The result of the 
last week must convince you of the hopelessness of further re- 
sistance, on the part of the army of Northern Virginia, in this 
struggle. I feel that it is so, and regard it as my duty to shift 
from myself the responsibility of any further effusion of blood, by 
asking of you the surrender of that portion of the 0. S. army 
known as the army of Northern Virginia.^' General Lee replied, 
that while he did not entirely agree with General Grant as to the 
'''hopelessness" of his position, he reciprocated the desire to 
avoid the useless effusion of blood, and asked the terms which 
would be offered on condition of surrender. Grant replied on 
the 8th, that peace being his first desire, he should insist upon 
only one condition: That the men surrendered should be dis- 
qualified for taking up arms against the government of the United 
States, until properly exchanged. 

Surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia to General Grant. 

Further correspondence followed, resulting in a meeting, 
which took place on the 9th, when General Grant proposed his 
terms, which were accepted. The terms were as follows: ^^ Rolls 
of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate, one copy to 
be given to an officer designated by me, the other to be retained 
by such officers as you may designate. The officers to give their 
individual paroles not to take arms against the United States 
until properly exchanged, and each company or regimental com- 
mander to sign a like parole for the men of their commands. 
The arms, artillery and public property to be marked and 
stacked, and turned over to the officers appointed by me to re- 
ceive them. This will not embrace the side arms of the officers, 
nor their private horses or baggage. This done, each officer and 
man will be allowed to return to their homes, not to be dis- 
turbed by United States authority so long as they observe their 



144 Historical Sketch of .the 

parole and tlie laws in force where they may reside/' General 
Lee replied: ^^I have received your letter of this date, contain- 
ing the terms of surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, 
as proposed by you; as they are substantially the same as those 
expressed in your letter of the 8th instant, they are accepted. 
I will proceed to designate the proper officers to carry the stipu- 
lations into effect." The officers gave tlieir personal parole not 
to serve in the Confederate armies or render aid to the enemies 
of the Union. The entire number of Confederate prisoners 
captured in the series of operations, from March 25th to April 
3d, was estimated as high as 30,000, and the Confederate loss in 
killed and wounded, 10,000. The number of men paroled was 
26,000. 

General Johnston's Army Surrenders in North Carolina. 
Meantime, General Sherman was preparing to give the finish- 
ing blow to the rebellion in North Carolina. April 10th his 
army set out for Ealeigh, which was reached on the 13th, and 
after a considerable skirmish occupied. At the same time Gen- 
eral Sherman was operating to the westward, to prevent the es- 
cape of Johnston and his junction with Lee at Danville. The 
12th of April Sherman was informed of the surrender of Lee, 
and immediately communicated the fact in a congratulatory 
order to his army. General Johnston having intimated a will- 
ingness to surrender on the same terms as General Lee, a meet- 
ing between the two chieftains was arranged, which took 
place on the 15th of April. At this it was arranged that 
the Confederate forces should be permitted to disperse and 
go home, carrying with, them their arms and other implements 
and munitions of war. It was also stipulated that certain polit- 
ical privileges should be enjoyed by the dispersing forces, which 
would make them rather victors than vanquished. This arrange- 
ment was promptly disapproved and repudiated by the govern- 
ment. Sherman was ordered to give notice of the immediate 
termination of the truce; the commanders of other departments 
were notified to pay no attention to the arrangement between 



War of the Rebellion. 145 

Sherman and Johnston, while General Grant hurried to North 
Carolina to assume personal command. Preparations to resume 
hostilities were made, and Johnston, seeing that further resist- 
ance would be hopeless, concluded to accept terms similar in 
effect to those offered to Lee, with the difference that the paroled 
prisoners were allowed to retain their horses, their wagons, and 
five per cent of their small arms, to protect them on their way 
home. The surrender was made on April 26th, and embraced 
about 30,000 men. Immediately afterward, the main body of 
General Sherman's army set out on its return north. 
Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. 

On the evening of April 14th, 1865, President Lincoln, while 
occupying a private box in Ford's theatre, was shot in the back 
of the head, by an actor named J. Wilkes Booth. He lingered 
in an unconscious state until seven o'clock the next morning, 
when he peacefully expired. Secretary Seward and his son 
Frederick were assaulted at their residence, about the same time, 
and both left for dead. Fortunately the assassin did not com- 
plete his work. The people of the North were intensely exas- 
perated; the South was charged with the responsibility of the 
hellish act, and a loud cry for vengeance was raised. But the 
government warily declined to yield to the popular cry for blood, 
contenting itself for the time with the trial and execution of the 
immediate authors of the assassination. 

The Final Operations in Virginia and North Carolina. 

The fall of Richmond, and the surrender of the armies of 
Generals Lee and Johnston, virtually ended the rebellion; at the 
same time, our armies and navies were hastening to give it the 
finishing blows at more distant points. On the 2d of April a 
combined military and naval attack was made on the outer de- 
fenses of Mobile. This was continued, with short intervals, until 
the 13th, when the city was surrendered. The enemy lost 1,500 
men in killed and wounded, 6,000 prisoners, and 150 guns. Our 
entire loss during the siege did not exceed 2,000. General Stone- 
man, of the department of the Cumberland, made a raid of five 
19 



146 Historical Sketch of the 

hundred miles through Virginia and North Carolina, captured 
Salisbury, April 13th, after a sharp encounter, and took 1,400 
prisoners, and an immense quantity of provisions, stores, etc., 
which he destroyed. 

Suspension of Hostilities in Georgia and Alabama. 

General Wilson, of the same department, made an extensive 
raid into Georgia and Alabama. Leaving Chickasaw, Ala., 
on March 22d, he rode six hundred and fifty miles through 
a country which the war had hardly touched, destroying 
every thing in his way. He captured Selma, Alabama, on 
April 2d, together with 2,400 prisoners and 100 cannon. On 
the 12th he captured Montgomery, the original capital of the 
rebel Confederacy, without firing a gun. On the 16th he cap- 
tured Columbus, Ga., after a stubborn resistance, including its 
garrison of 2,000 men, and 70 cannon. On the 21st he ap- 
proached Macon, Ga., when he was met by a flag of truce, by 
Howell Cobb, announcing the armistice between Sherman and 
Johnston. Military operations were suspended, and before they 
were renewed Johnston had surrendered. During this brilliant 
raid no less than 6,000 prisoners and 200 cannon were captured. 
Flight of the President of the Confederate States. 

Jeff. Davis left Richmond on Sunday, April 2d. On the 5th 
he reached Danville, where he issued a frothy proclamation, an- 
nouncing his intention of fighting ^' until the last armed foe ex- 
pired." But the surrender of Lee caused him to change his 
mind. Accompanied by his family and a portion of his cabinet, 
he made tracks for the South. He reached Charlotte, N. C, 
on the 25th, where he made a speech; he reached Yorkville 
on the 28th, and Powelton on the 5th of May. His intention 
evidently was to escape either to Cuba or Texas; but General 
Wilson lay between him and the gulf and the Mississippi river. 
The party now broke up, Breckinridge striking directly for the 
gulf coast, while Davis, accompanied by his family, his personal 
staff and Postmaster Reagan, headed due southward. On May 
7th Colonel Harden of the First Wisconsin struck the trail of 



War of the Rebellion. 147 

Davis, and meeting Colonel Pritchard of the Fourth Michigan, 
a vigorous pursuit was commenced. Harden followed the trail, 
while Pritchard endeavored to intercept the fugitives at Irwins- 
ville, Ga. 

Capture of Jeflferson Davis at Irwinsville, Ga. 

He reached that place at midnight of the 9th, and learned 
that Davis was encamped two miles out of town. Before day- 
light he had quietly surrounded the camp. Meanwhile Harden's 
men came np from an opposite direction, and Pritchard's troops, 
supposing them to be Confederates, fired upon them. Several 
rounds were exchanged before the mistake was discovered. The 
firing aroused the pursued, who found themselves surrounded. 
A woman came from one of the tents and asked if ''the women 
inside could have time to dress." This was granted, and soon 
after three persons dressed in female attire emerged from the tent, 
one of them apparently an infirm old lady, carrying a pail in her 
hand. The ''old mother'' turned out to be Jeff. Davis. The 
party were taken to Augusta, Ga. , where they were joined by Alex. 
H. Stephens, who was arrested on his farm; thence they were con- 
veyed to Savannah, and from there to Fortress Monroe, where 
Davis was placed in solitary confinement. Davis was subsequently 
taken from Fortress Monroe on a writ of haheas corpus^ and con 
veyed to Eichmond, where he appeared in court, and was admit- 
ted to bail in the sum of 1100,000. The following became his 
sureties : Horace Greeley, Augustus Schell, New York; Aristides 
Welsh, David K. Jackman, Philadelphia ; W. W. McFarland, 
Eichard Barton Haxall, Isaac Davenport, Abraham Warwick, 
Gustavus A. Myers, William W. Crump, James Lyons, John A. 
Meredith, William H. Lyons, James Thomas, Jr., Eichmond ; 
John Minor Botts, Thomas W. Doswell, Virginia. The name 
of Horace F. Clark, of New York, was added, he having sent a 
note for that 2:>urpose. 

Surrender of the Last of the Confederate Armies. 

May 4th, 1865, General Dick Taylor surrendered all the forces, 
munitions of war, etc., in the department of Alabama, Missis- 



148 Historical Sketch of the War of the Rebellion. 

sippi and Eastern Louisiana, to General Canby. The terms were 
substantially the same as those conceded to General Johnston. 
Included in this surrender Avere the Confederate gunboats in the 
Tombigbee river. Several minor Confederate forces in different 
j)arts of the South surrendered in like manner and upon like condi- 
tions. But the rebellion, although thoroughly crushed in the 
East and South, still sustained a feeble vitality in Texas. On the 
21st of April Kirby Smith launched a defiant proclamation an- 
nouncing his intention to ^^ fight on, fight ever;" while, as late as 
the 8th of May, a meeting of the citizens of Richmond county was 
held, to raise the '^ sinews of war."" But the surrender of John- 
ston and the capture of Davis had the effect to cool their ardor. 
On the 23d of May, Kirby Smith sent officers to General Canby, 
at Baton Rouge, to negotiate terms of surrender. On the 26th 
the surrender was consummated, and thus the last Confederate 
army ceased to exist. The surrendered armies rapidly resolved 
themselves into their original elements. Both officers and men, 
as a general thing, went to their homes and resumed the pur- 
suits of peace. 



RECONSTRUCTION OF THE SECEDED STATES. 



The overthrow of armed resistance to the National Govern- 
ment was followed by proclamations, issued by the president, 
appointing provisional governors to reorganize the governments 
of the respective States, and reinstate them in their proper rela- 
tions to the general government and in the exercise of all their 
functions. The names of the provisional governors, ai^pointed 
by these proclamations, will be found under the respective 
States. The president, in various dispatches to the several gov- 
ernors, informed them that there were four conditions neces- 
sary, in his opinion, to reorganization, viz., abrogation of the 
so-called ordinances of secession, the ratification of the consti- 
tutional amendment abolishing slavery, repudiation of the Eebel 
debt, and security to the persons and property of freedmen. 

Upon the cessation of hostilities, reconstruction, or questions 
involved in the restoration of the people of the insurgent States 
to the political privileges enjoyed by them in the Union before 
the withdrawal of their representatives from Congress, in 1860 
and 1861, furnished an engrossing theme for discussion and 
legislation. A brief resume of -the action of conventions. Legis- 
latures and the people of the insurrectionary States during the 
year 1865 is here given. 

Cessation of Hostilities in North Carolina. 

In North Carolina, the cessation of hostilities was announced 
by Major-General Schofield, in an order dated April 27', 1865, 
and on the succeeding day he issued an order declaring persons 
heretofore held as slaves to be free, and asserting it to be the 



150 The Reconstkuctidn 

duty of the army to maintain that freedom. Wm. W. Holden 
was appointed provisional governor, June 12th. In July, Presi- 
dent Johnson ordered the cotton of the State to be restored to 
her, and directed that the proceeds of all that had been sold 
should be paid to her agents. On the 8th of August, Governor 
Holden ordered an election for delegates to a State convention, 
the election to take place on the 21st of September, and the con- 
vention to meet on the 2d of October. 

Repeal of the Secession Ordinance. 

The State convention met October 2d. The ordinance of 
secession was declared '^nuU and void"' on the 7th. Slavery 
was forever prohibited on the 9th, and State and congressional 
elections were ordered on the 10th, to be held November 9th. 
On the 12th of October, the convention tabled a proposition to 
repudiate the Eebel debt. On the 18th of October a telegram was 
received from President Johnson insisting upon its repudiation, 
on the ground that the holders of the debt should ''look to that 
power they tried to establisli in violation of law, Constitution and 
the will of the people." ''It is their misfortune and cannot be 
recognized by the people of any State professing themselves loyal 
to the government of the United States and in the Union. ^' In 
compliance with this telegram, on the next day — the 19th — the 
convention, by a vote of eighty-four yeas to twelve nays, passed an 
ordinance prohibiting the assumption of the debt, and refused 
to submit the question to the people. The election took place 
as ordered, Jonathan Worth being chosen governor, over Provi- 
sional Governor Holden. The ordinances abolishing slavery and 
repealing the secession ordinance were approved. 
The Situation in South Carolina. 

In South Carolina, on the 2d of May, 1865, the Rebel 
governor, Magrath, issued a proclamation directing that the Rebel 
stores be turned over to the State officers, and be by them dis- 
tributed among the people, which was followed, on the 8th of 
May, by another proclamation, summoning the State officers to 
the Capitol, to resume their duties. On the 14tli of May, Major- 



OF THE Seceded States. 151 

General Gilmore issued an order declaring mill the governor's 
acts and notifying the persons interested not to heed his proc- 
lamation. On the 30th of June, President Johnson issued a 
proclamation appointing Benjamin F. Perry provisional gover- 
nor Governor Perry issued a proclamation on the 20th of 
July, designating the first Monday of September for an election 
for a State convention. The convention met on the 13th of 
September, and on the 15th repealed the secession ordinance by 
a vote of one hundred and seven to three. On the 19th of Sep- 
tember slavery was declared abolished, "the slaves in South 
Carolina having been emancipated by the action of the United 
States authorities." On the 27th, a State election was ordered 
for the third Wednesday in October, and on the 29th the con- 
vention adjourned. James L. Orr was elected governor and the 
Legislature met in October. 

Ratification of the Constitutional Amendment. 
On the 28th of October, President Johnson sent a telegram 
to Governor Perry, who was still acting as provisional governor, 
expressing the hope that the Legislature would ratify the con- 
stitutional amendment abolishing slavery. On the 31st of 
October, the president sent another telegram, expressing ^'deep 
interest '' in the action of the Legislature on the amendment and 
the Eebel debt, and affirming his "trust in God that restoration 
of the Union will not now be defeated." On the 1st of No- 
vember Governor Perry responded, stating that the debt con- 
tracted by the State during the rebellion is very inconsiderable, 
objecting to the second section of the amendment, affirming 
that '^in good faith South Carolina has abolished slavery, and 
never wilf wish to restore it again," conveying the information 
that ^Hhe Legislature is passing a code of laws providing ample 
and complete protection for the negro," and averring that - there 
is a sincere desire to do everything necessary to a restoration of 
the Union, and tie up and heal every bleeding wound which has 
been caused by this fratricidal war." On behalf of the presi- 
dent Secretary Seward responded on the 6th of November, stat- 



152 The Reconstruction 

ing that Mr. Johnson "is not entirely satisfied with the explana- 
tions," that "he deems necessary the passage of adequate ordi- 
nances declaring that all insurrectionary proceedings in the State 
were unlawful and void ab mitio; " that the objection to the sec- 
ond clause of the amendment " is regarded as querulous and un- 
reasonable, because that clause is really restraining in its effect, 
instead of enlarging the powers of Congress," and that "the 
president considers the acceptance of the amendment as indis- 
pensable to a restoration of her relations with the other States 
of the Union/' 

Objection made to the Repudiation of the War Debt. 
On the 13th of November the Legislature ratified the amend- 
ment, adding " that any attempt by Congress toward legislating 
upon the political status of former slaves, or their civil relations 
would be contrary to the Constitution of the United States as it 
now is, or as it would be altered by the proposed amendment, 
iu conflict with the policy of the president, declared in his 
amnesty proclamation, and with the restoration of that harmony 
upon which depend the vital interests of the American Union." 
On the 20th of November, Secretary Seward telegraphed Gover- 
nor Perry expressing the gratitude of the president and the 
country at the ratification of the amendment, and trusting that 
the State will lose no time in disavowing the Rebel debt. This 
dispatcli also directed the provisional governor to continue to 
act until relieved by express directions of the presiden:. On 
the 27th, Governor Perry responded " that the convention hav- 
ing been dissolved, it is impracticable to enact any organic law 
regarding the war debt," and advancing reasons against its repu- 
diation. Secretary Seward replied, stating that the objections 
urged are of a serious nature, and that the president awaits with 
interest an official expression upon the subject, from the Legisla- 
ture. On the 21st of December, the committee on federal 
relations recommended the appointment of a joint committee to 
inquire into the amount of the debt and to whom due, and to 
report at the session of the Legislature iu November, 1866. 



OF THE (Seceded States. 153 

General Sickles nulifies the Amended Code. 
An act to amend the criminal law was passed December 19, 
1865, by the terms of which marked discriminations were made 
against the colored race. On the 17th of January, 1866, Daniel 
B. Sickles, Major-General U. S. A., commanding the Depart- 
ment of South Carolina, issued an order disregarding the code. 
It provided that the laws should make no discrimination on ac- 
count of color or caste, and that all laws should be applicable 
alike to all inhabitants; all methods of industry should be open 
to all persons, and no freedman should be required to pay any 
license fee nor submit to any ordinance not imposed on all other 
persons; no person shall be restrained from seeking employment, 
and all combinations to compel involuntary labor or to limit com- 
pensation for labor, or to prevent the sale or hire of lands or 
tenements, were declared to be misdemeanors, punishable by fine 
of not exceeding $500, or imprisonment six months, or both. 
Corporeal punishment was prohibited, except by lawful persons 
on minors. The vagrant laws applicable to white persons should 
alone be applicable to colored persons, and numorous other 
regulations for the proper protection of the freedmen were pre- 
scribed. , „^ ^ r « 

Reconstruction in the State of Georgia. 

In Georgia, a proclamation issued by the Rebel governor, 
Joseph E. Brown, May 3, 1865, convening the Legislature in extra 
session, was annulled by Major-General Gilmore on the 14th. On 
the 17th of June, James Johnson was appointed provisional 
governor, who, on the 13th of July, ordered an election for dele- 
gates to a State convention. The election was held on the first 
Wednesday in October, and on the 25th of the same month the 
convention met. The secession ordinance was repealed on the 
30th. A telegraphic correspondence took place with the presi- 
dent relative to the Rebel debt, who responded that they should 
not hesitate a single moment in repudiating every single dollar 
of it; that it would not do to levy taxes for its payment; that he 
did not believe the mass of the people of the State would submit 
to the payment of a debt which was the main cause of their 
20 



154 The Reconstruction 

suffering; that those who held it must take it as one of the in- 
evitable results of the rebellion; and that *^ it should at once be 
made known, at home and abroad, that no debt contracted for 
the 23urpose of dissolving the Union of the States can or ever 
will be paid by taxes levied on the people for such purpose." 
Secretary Seward responded to a dispatch: "The president of 
the United States cannot recognize the people of any State as 
having resumed the relations of loyalty to the Union that admits, 
as legal, obligations contracted, or debts created in their name to 
promote the war of the rebellion." On the 4th of November 
slavery was declared abolished, the government of the United 
States having emancipated the slaves as a war measure; and hav- 
ing carried it into full practical effect, provided such acquiescence 
shall not prevent any citizen of Georgia from making a claim 
for compensation on the justice and magnanmity of the govern- 
ment. On the 8th of November the debt was declared null and 
void, by a vote of 133 to 117, and the same day the convention 
adjourned. An election was held on the 15th of November, the 
Legislature met on the 4th of December, and on the following 
day ratified the anti-slavery amendment. 

Action Taken by the State of Alabama. 
In Alabama, Provisional Governor Lewis E. Parsons, who had 
been appointed June 21, 1865, issued a proclamation, July 20, 
ordering an election for a convention on the 31st of Ai:\gust, 
which election was held, and the convention met on the 12th 
of September, and on the 20th of the same month abolished 
slavery, ''as the institution of slavery has been destroyed in the 
State of Alabama," declared the secession ordinance ''null and 
void," and repudiated the Eebel debt. The convention adjourned 
on the 30th of September. On the 20th of November the Legis- 
lature met. It ratified the anti-slavery amendment on the 2d of 
December, " with the understanding that it does not confer upon 
Congress the power to legislate upon the political status of f reed- 
men in this State." A new Penal Code was adopted. It made 
no discrimination on account of color, except that it prohibited 



OF THE Seceded States. 155. 

marriages between white and colored people. Governor R. M. 
Patton, who had been elected in November, in January, 1866, 
vetoed three bills, one to regulate contracts with f reedmen, because 
there was no special law necessary; the second, to extend the old 
Criminal Slave Code to free persons of color, on the ground of its 
impolicy and injustice to the negro; and the third, to regulate the 
relation of master and colored apprentice, because he deemed 
existing laws applicable to apprenticeship amply sufficient, with- 
out operating upon a particular class of persons. The Legisla- 
ture also passed a joint resolution declaring ^'that Alabama will 
not volnntarily consent to change the adjustment of political 
power as fixed by the Constitution of the United States, and to 
constrain her to do so, in her present prostrate and helpless 
condition, with no voice in the councils of the nation, would be 
an unjustifiable breach of faith; and that her earnest thanks are 
due to the president for the firm stand he has taken aganist 
amendments to the Constitution being forced through in the 
present condition of afi'airs." 

Reorganization of the State of Florida. 
In Florida, on the 8th of April, 1865 Abraham K. Allison, 
president of the Rebel Senate, announced the death of John 
Milton, Rebel governor, and appointed June 7th for the elec- 
tion of a successor. On the 14th of May, Major-General Gil- 
more issued an order annulling this proclamation, and com- 
mandmg the people to give it no heed whatever. On the 13th 
of July° William Marvin was appointed provisional governor, 
who on the 3d of August, ordered an election for delegates 
to a State convention, to be held October 10. On the 29th of 
August, Governor Marvin informed the president of his progress 
in the work of reorganizing the government. Secretary Seward 
responded on the 12tb of September, in which he stated that 
the president approved the work as in the mam judi- 
cious, and said ^Hhat it must be distinctly understood that 
the restoration to which your proclamation refers will be subject 
to the decision of Congress." On the 7th of October Governor 



156 The Reconstruction 

Marvin, in a letter addressed to Secretary Seward, expressed the 
objection of the people to the ratification of the anti-slavery 
amendment, and asked the opinion of the president relative 
thereto. Secretary Seward responded, on the 1st of November, 
that the president " regards the ratification by the Legislature 
of the amendment as indisi^ensable to a successful restoration 
of the true legal relations between Florida and the other States, 
and equally indispensable to the return of peace and harmony 
throughout the Republic." 

Slavery Abolished and Debts Repudiated. 
The convention met on the 25th of October, and on the 28th 
annulled the ordinance of secession. On the 6th of November 
slavery was abolished, ^'slavery having been destroyed in the 
State by the government of the United States." On the same 
day, an ordinance was passed submitting the question of repu- 
diating the Eebel debt to the people, but this was reconsidered 
on ascertaining that the executive branch of the government 
demanded it as a condition of recognition, and direct repudiation 
was adopted. On the 29th of November a State election was held. 
The Legislature met on the 18th of December, and on the 28th 
ratified the anti-slavery amendment, ^^ with the understanding 
it does not confer upon Congress the power to legislate upon the 
political status of the freedmen in this State." An act passed 
January 21, 18G6, made the judical tribunals of the State ac- 
cessible to all the inhabitants, without distinction of color, 
subject only to the restrictions of the State Constitution; re- 
pealed all laws theretofore passed, relative to colored persons, 
except the act preventing their migration into the State, and 
the act prohibiting the sale of fire-arms and ammunition to them, 
and made the criminal laws of tlie State, excej^t so far as modi- 
fied by other legislation, applicable equally without distinction 
of color. 

Proceedings Taken in the State of Virginia. 

In Virginia, on the 9th of May, President Johnson recognized 
the Pierpont administration as the legal government of the 



OF THE Seceded States. 16T 

State. The Legislature met on the 19th of June, 1865, 
and on the 21st passed a bill submitting to the people of the 
State the question whether the Legislature should have power 
to alter the article of the Constitution prohibiting persons from 
voting or holding office who have held office under the so-called 
Confederate government, or under any rebellious State govern- 
ment, or who has been a member of the so-called Confederate 
Congress, or a member of any State Legislature in rebellion, 
excepting therefrom the county officers. The question sub- 
mitted was decided almost unanimously in the affirmative at the 
State election held on the 12th of October. The Legislature as- 
sembled on the 4th of December, and passed a bill providing 
that all qualified voters heretofore identified with ^' the rebellion,^' 
and not excluded from the amnesty proclamation of President 
Johnson (with the exception of those embraced in the ^* $20,000 
clause "), can recover the right of suffrage by taking the amnesty 
oath of the 2yth of May, 1865, an oath to support the restored 
government of Virginia, and to protect and defend the Constitu- 
tion of the United States. A vagrant law was passed by tha 
Legislature, by which persons being idle, or who refuse to work 
for the wages commonly given to laborers, shall be hired out by 
the officers of the law, for a term not exceeding three months. 
This law was abrogated by General Terry, on the ground that in 
some sections combinations had been formed to pay wages much 
less than would furnish an adequate support. 

Reconstruction in the State of Mississippi. 
In Mississippi, Wm. L. Sharkey was appointed provisional 
governor on the 13th of June, 1865, and on the 1st of July or- 
dered an election for a convention. The election was held Au- 
gust 7, and the convention met on the 14th. President Johnson, 
on the 15th, sent a telegram to Governor Sharkey, expressing 
the hope that the convention will amend the State Constitution 
so as to abolish slavery and deny to all future Legislatures the 
power to declare property in man, and also that it would ratify 
the anti-slavery amendment. He then continued: ^^If you 



158 The Reconstruction 

could extend the elective franchise to all persons of color who 
can read the Constitution of the United States, in English, and 
write their names, and to all persons of color who own real 
estate,-Talued at not less than $250, and pay taxes thereon, you 
would completely disarm the adversary, and set an example the 
other States will follow. This you can do with perfect safety, 
and you thus place the Southern States, in reference to free per- 
sons of color, upon the same basis with the Free States/^ On the 
21st of August an ordinance was passed prohibiting slavery, the 
institution having been destroyed m the State, and on the 22d 
the secession ordinance was declared null and void. On the 1st 
of October an election was held; the Legislature met on the 
16th, and on the 17th Benjamin G. Humphreys was inaugurated 
governor. 

State Government of Louisiana Recognized. 
In Louisiana, there was no interference with the State organ- 
ization formerly made. In November, J. M. Wells was elected 
governor. In March, 1866, James T. Monroe was elected mayor 
of New Orleans, and James 0. Nixon an alderman, both of 
whom were prohibited from holding office by General Canby, 
until the pleasure of the president was known, which was sig- 
nified by their ^' pardon " and assumption of office. The laws 
of the State relative to laborers and vagrants were stringent, but 
made no distinctions on account of color. 

Reconstruction of the State of Texas. 
In Texas, Andrew J. Hamilton was appointed provisional 
governor. The State convention abolished slavery, annulled the 
secession ordinance, repudiated the war debt, required five years' 
residence for eligibility to the Legislature, made white population 
the basis of representation for State purposes, and exempted all 
persons from accountability who, during the war, under author- 
ity of civil or military power, had inflicted injury upon persons 
under the new Constitution. 



OF THE Seceded States. 159 

Reorganization of the State of Tennessee. 

In Tennessee, Wm. G. Brownlow was elected governor March 
4, 1865. The suffrage laws made loyalty the test, and ex- 
cluded from office persons holding office voluntarily under the 
Rebel government during the rebellion. The laws of the State 
placed blacks ^nd whites upon an equal footing. 

The State Government of Arkansas Recognized. 

In Arkansas the State government headed by Isaac Murphy 
was recognized by President Johnson as legal. The first meet- 
ings having for their object the organization of a loyal State 
government were held in the autumn of 1863. A convention met 
early in 1864, and framed a State Constitution, abolishing 
slavery, repudiating the Rebel debt, and annulling the action of 
the Rebel authorities, with the exception of marriage certificates, 
acknowledgments of deeds, and other acts of a similar character. 
A provisional government was organized, with Isaac Murphy 
for governor. 

Reconstruction Proceedings in Congress. 
Congress assembled on the first Monday in December, 1865, 
and organized by the election of Schuyler Colfax as speaker, and 
Edward McPherson clerk. Immediately after the organization, 
a joint resolution was adopted, providing for the appointment 
of a committee of fifteen, nine from the House and six from the 
Senate, to which was to be referred all questions relative to re- 
construction. Various propositions on this subject were intro- 
duced and referred. Two distinct parties were formed. One 
held that the work of restoring the Rebel States to their prac- 
tical relations to the government had been fully accomplished 
by the president, and the other denied the proposition. The 
party holding the affirmative of the position was further sub- 
divided. Some denied the power of the president to exact any 
conditions of the Rebel States, holding that with the laying 
down of arms, and their return to peaceful pursuits, they at 
once became entitled to all their former rights and privileges; while 
others held, with the president, that when active hostilities 



160 The Reconstruction 

ceased, the Eebel States had no legal civil governments, and that 
the steps taken by the president to organize valid governments, 
and the acts he required of those governments as conditions of 
their recognition by the United States government, were just 
and legal. The portion of Congress which held that the presi- 
dent had not completed the work of restoration, also denied his 
power to do so, insisting that his acts were of a provisional nature, 
and subject to the revision and sanction of Congress before they 
could be held to be constitutionally valid acts. This portion of 
Congress was for some time divided in sentiment as to what fur- 
ther action must be had before the work of restoration could be 
deemed complete. One section held that- no Eebel State should 
be "readmitted^' to its old place in the Union till it had placed 
all its citizens, without regard to color or caste, on a perfect 
civil and political equality before the law. 

Discussion of Plans for Reconstruction. 

Another section held that the property of leading Rebels 
should be confiscated, and their political franchises should never 
be restored, and that the work of reconstruction should be com- 
menced de novo, by the loyal inhabitants thereof, without regard 
to color; and that when State Constitutions should be adopted, 
in which no distinction of color, caste or creed should be inserted, 
then the State should be entitled to admission into the Union. 
Another section proposed to offer universal amnesty to the South 
in return for universal suffrage. And still another section, which 
finally absorbed all the others, favored the principles embodied 
in the civil rights and freedmen^s bureau bills, and the constitu- 
tional amendment. Those who favored the imposition of fur- 
ther conditions insisted that they were necessary in order to 
secure to every inhabitant of the country full and equal protection 
in life and property, and to preserve the nation from any at- 
tempt at its disruption in the future. This proposition was 
denied by the supporters of the president. While these propo- 
sitions were being discussed, elaborated and perfected, persons 
were claiming seats as senators and representatives from the 



OF THE Seceded States. 161 

Rebel States. Their right to those seats was broadly maintained 
by the body of the supporters of the president's policy, and as 
unqualifiedly denied by the majority of those who dissented 
from that policy, while a third class, composed of a few from 
each party, insisted on the right to tlieir seats of those only who 
could take the ''test" oath, that they had not voluntarily aided, 
encouraged or participated in the rebellion, or held office under it. 
Terms Agreed on for Admission of Representatives. 

Those who opposed this view held that even loyal men could 
not be admitted to seats as representatives of States in which the 
work of reorganization had not yet been legally perfected. This 
view was sustained by the majority in each branch of Congress, 
in the adoption of a concurrent resolution, that no representa- 
tive or senator shall be admitted from any of the eleven Rebel 
States, till Congress shall have declared such State entitled to 
admission. This resolution was reported in the House from the 
reconstruction committee February 29, and passed the same 
day by a vote of 109 to 40; and it passed the Senate, March 2, 
by a vote of 20 to 18. A bill to enlarge the powers of the f reed- 
men's bureau was introduced into the Senate at an early day in 
the session, and passed that body on the 25th of January. It 
went to the House, was amended and passed, on the 6th of Feb- 
ruary, by a vote of 136 to 33. The Senate, on the 8th, concurred 
in most of the amendments, and on the 9th it needed but the 
signature of the president to become a law. The bill was re- 
turned to the Senate, on the 19th of February, without the ap- 
proval of the president, and the question of passing it over the 
veto was lost on the 20th, the vote standing 30 to 18. 
Passage of Civil Rights Bill over the Veto. 

Another bill, continuing the bureau for two years, passed the 
House on the 29th of May, by a vote of 96 to 22. A similar bill 
passed the Senate June 27. The differences between the two 
houses were adjusted, and the bill was sent to the president on 
the 3d of July, who returned it on the 16th without his ap- 
proval, when it received the sanction of two-thirds of both 
21 



162 The Reconstruction of the Seceded States. 

houses — in the House by a vote of 10-i to 33, and in the Senate 
by a vote of 33 to 12. The civil rights bill passed the Senate 
February 2, and the House March 9, and the Senate agreed to 
the amendments of the House March 15, and the bill was vetoed 
March 27. The bill passed the Senate, over the veto, April 6, 
by a vote of 33 to 15, and the House on the 9th, by a vote of 122 
to 41, and thus became a law. It, in brief, established univer- 
sal and impartial conditions of citizenship, giving to all citizens, 
irrespective of race or color, the right to testify in the courts, 
sue, make contracts, etc., establishing all citizens equal before 
the law, with the exception of the right to vote and hold office. 
The result of the war was to leave the south in a very desti- 
tute condition. To relieve this destitution, the Senate passed a 
bill on the 9th of March, appropriating $1,000,000. This was 
amended in the House on the 22d, and authorized limited relief 
to be afforded through the freedmen's bureau, and the Senate 
concurred in it. For several months thousands received daily 
rations through the bureau. April 2, the president issued a 
proclamation declaring civil war at an end. 



CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 



OF ENGAGEMENTS DURING THE 



WAR OF THE REBELLION, 1861-65. 



164 



List of Engagemenis of the 



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210 



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212 



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papunoivi 



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War of the Rebellion. 



215 



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216 



List of Engagements of the 





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Division Custer's Ca 

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N W W O O 






THE NAVAL BATTLE BETWEEN THE 
- MONITOR" AND '' MERRIMAC." 



The naval battle in Hamioton Eoads, Va., in the spring of 
1862, which began with the sinking of the Cumberland, the 
burning of the Congress, the setting on fire of the Minnesota, 
and the rout of the Eoa7ioke and St. Lawrence — all Federal 
men-of-war — by the great iron-clad Merrimac in a single 
afternoon, and ended with the gallant attack of the Monitor 
npon the big floating battery the next morning, is one of the 
most momentous and remarkable naval engagements known to 
history. None of tlie features of war that make battles glorious 
were wanting in this sanguinary conflict upon the shallow strait 
which on that spring morning separated the camp of the 
Northern troojDs from the white tents and grim batteries of the 
soldiers of the South. The tale of that day abounds in deeds of 
valor and heroic achievement from the hour the Cumberland 
sank with guns roaring and colors flying until the brave 
commander of the Monitor, with his eyes blinded from the 
effects of the enemy's shot, gave orders from the couch whereon 
he lay to his gallant comrades about him. 

But the great and lasting issue of the battle between the 
Monitor and the Merrimac is the fact that it revolutionized 
the navies of the world. This was the initial contest between 
iron-clad vessels, and its effect was to pronounce the doom of 
line-of-battle ships, and to demonstrate that rams and iron-clads 
were in the future to decide all naval warfare. Another remark- 
able feature of this combat is the circumstance that both of the 
vessels were in a great measure mere experiments, and upon ex- 



The Monitor and Merrimac. 223 

perimental trips when they met and fought, and to the danger 
from battle was added to one of them, the Monitor, the peril of 
foundering at sea. 

The Merrimac raised and armor-plated. 

Before the summer of 1861 had passed, both North and South 
had awakened to a realization of the stubbornness of the conjlict, 
and it was knowji that the contest would be long and bitter. 
All thoughts of an early cessation of hostilities had been put 
aside, and the entire country was under tribute to furnish brains, 
men and means for an extended and hazardous war. Three 
years before, naval officers and marine constructors had been 
much interested in the successful application of armor-plating 
to the steam-frigate La Gloire of the fleet of Napoleon III, 
which was immediately followed by the Admiralty of England 
similarly fitting out the Warrior and Ironsides, None of these 
iron-clad vessels had been tested in actual warfare, however, and 
it was, therefore, as an experiment that Lieutenant George M. 
Brooke, who Jiad resigned from the United States Navy when 
the South seceded, suggested to Secretary-of-War Mallory of the 
Confederacy, that the frigate Merrimac, which had been burned 
and sunk at Norfolk when the Federal troops abandoned the 
Navy Yard, ^lould be raised, rebuilt and plated with armor to 
be used against the wooden war vessels of the North in the com- 
ing spring. His plans were approved, and the work was at once 
begun in the Norfolk Navy Yard. Great pains were taken to 
keep all information concerning the fitting out of this iron-clad 
from the Navy Department of the North, but early in the fall 
news of the undertaking reached Washington. 

Captain Ericsson constructs a " fighting machine." 

The Secretary of the U. S. Navy and his advisers had already 
been discussing the project of constructing iron-clad vessels for 
use against the South, and the reconstruction of the Merrimac 
awakened them to a sense of the necessity for taking immediate 
action in the matter. Then John Ericsson laid the foundation 
of his fame. He had been studying the subject of armor-plating 



224 The Monitor and Merkimac. 

ever since the La Gloire had been thus protected, and he now 
laid his i^lans before Hon. Gideon Welles, Secretary of the U. S. 
Navy. Captain Ericsson's scheme was to construct what he called 
a ^* fighting machine/' on an entirely different plan from that of 
any other armor-plated vessel. Instead of a great floating fort 
of unwieldy bulk, he designed an almost impregnable steam 
battery of light draught, suitable to navigate the shallow rivers 
and harbors of the Confederate States. It was necessary that 
work be begun at once, in order that the new vessel should be 
ready to combat the re-constructed Merrimac when navigation 
opened in the spring, and in October the keel was laid in the 
Navy Yard at Green Point. She was finished in January and 
commissioned in February. 

Origin of the name of the Monitor. 
The name Monitor, which has since become the generic name 
of all war vessels of her class, was given to the new fighting 
machine by Captain Ericsson, and he thus explained its origin 
to Gustavus V. Fox, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy: 

New York, Jan. 20tJi, 1862. 

Sir — In accordance with your request, I now submit for your 
approbation a name for the floating battery at Green Point. 

The impregnable and aggressive character of this structure 
will admonish the leaders of the Southern Rebellion that the 
batteries on the banks of their rivers will no longer present bar- 
riers to the entrance of the Union forces. The iron-clad in- 
truder will thus prove a severe Monitor to those leaders. But 
there are other leaders who will also be startled and admonished 
by the booming of the guns from the impregnable iron turret. 
** Downing street " will hardly view with indifference this last 
*' Yankee notion," this Monitor. To the Lords of the Admiralty 
the new craft will be a 3Ionitor suggesting doubts as to the pro- 
priety of completing those four steel-clad ships at three-and-a- 
half millions apiece. On these and many similar grounds I pro- 
pose to name the new battery. Monitor. 

Your obedient servant, 

J. Ericssoit. 



The Monitok and Merrimac. 225 

General description of the Monitor. 

When the Monitor was in trim for battle she resembled — to 
quote a Confederate officer who saw her assail the Merrimac 
from Sewall's Point, " a tin can on a shingle." A newspaper 
correspondent wrote, that at a mile's distance she would be taken 
for a raft with an army ambulance amidships. She was one hun- 
dred and seventy- two feet in len^^th, from stem to stern, and her 
thin, lower hull was protected by an overhanging armor. Her deck 
was one foot above the water line, and in the center was a revolving 
turret containing the guns — two eleven-inch smooth bores, firing 
solid shot weighing one hundred and eighty pounds. Her speed 
was between four and five knots per hour and she drew but 
twelve feet of water. In action, her smoke-stacks were taken 
apart and laid flat on deck, the draught to the engines being 
maintained by powerful blowers. The pilot-house was situated 
well forward, near the bow, and was built of wrought-n^on 
logs nine inches thick, bolted through the corners, and covered 
with an iron plate two inches thick, which was not fastened, but 
kept in place only by its weight, in order to furnish egress for 
the crew in case of necessity. The sight-holes were made by insert- 
ing quarter-inch plates at the corners between the upper set of 
lo^s and those next below. This structure presented a flat sur- 
face on all sides and on top. It projected four feet above the 
deck, and was barely large enough to hold three men standing. 
Departure of the Monitor for Hampton Roads. 
The preparations for the departure of the Monitor were so 
hurried that the mechanics worked upon her night and day 
until the hour of her sailing, so that no opportunity was 
afforded to drill the crew at the guns, to work the revolving 
turret or to familiarize the men with the unusual features of the 
vessel The Monitor was commanded by Lieutenant J. L. 
Worden, and her executive officer was Lieutenant S. Dana Greene, 
a boy of twenty-two years. Her crew were all volunteers, Lieuten- 
ant Worden having been authorized to select his men from the 
crew of any man-of-war in New York harbor. He addressed the 
29 



226 The Monitor and Meerimac. 

crews of the North Carolina and the Saline, telling them of the 
dangers of a sea-voyage in an untried iron vessel, and the cer- 
tainty of perilous warfare upon their arrival at Hampton Eoads 
if the trip were accomplished in safety. Scores of sailors re- 
sponded enthusiastically to his aj)peal ; and when, on Thursday 
morning, March 6, 1862, the Monitor left New York Harbor in 
tow of a tug-boat, she carried as brave a handful of officers and 
as bold a crew as ever floated, the latter numbering a total of 
fifty-eight men. 

General Description of the Merrimac. 

On the day after the Monitor left New York for Hamp- 
ton Roads the Merrimac steamed away from the Norfolk 
Navy Yard to try the effect of her armament upon the wooden 
fleet that the little *^ fighting-machine " unknowm to them had 
started out to protect. Had the Monitor started a day earlier, 
or had the Merrimac waited twenty-four hours longer 
before leaving Norfolk, the result might have been very 
different, for the big iron-clad would then have been com- 
pelled to figlit the Monitor and the wooden vessels all at once, 
instead of having an opportunity to disable the latter first. 
The Merrimac, before she was sunk at Norfolk, was a frigate 
of three thousand five hundred tons and forty guns. She was 
more than three hundred feet in length. When she was raised she 
was cut down to her old berth deck and both ends for seventy feet 
were covered over, so that when the vessel was in fighting trim they 
were just even with the water. On the midship section a roof of 
pitch-pine and oak, one hundred and seventy feet long, was built 
at an angle of forty-five degrees. This roof was twenty-four 
inches thick, and extended from the water line to a height of 
seven feet above the gun deck. Both ends were so rounded that 
pivot-guns could be used as bow and stern-chasers. This wooden 
backing was covered with iron plates, two inches thick and eight 
inches wide, the first tiers being put on horizontally, and the 
outside tier perpendicularly, and the whole bolted through the 
woodwork and clinched inside. The prow was of cast iron, pro- 



The Monitor and Mekkimao. 227 

jecting four feet, and the pilot-house was forward of the smoke- 
stack, and covered with four inches of iron, as were the sides. 
The rudder and propeller, both of which were entirely unpro- 
tected, were the weakest points of the iron clad. The armament 
of the Merrimac consisted of two seven-inch rifles, re-inforced 
with three-inch steel bands shrunk around the breech; these 
were the bow and stern pivots. There were in broadside two 
six-inch rifles similar to the above, and six nine-inch smooth 
bores — in all ten heavy guns. 

The Reconstructed Vessel known as the Virginia. 
When this vast floating battery was completed she was re- 
christened the Virginia, and was known by that name through- 
out the South, but in the naval records she has always been 
known as the Merrimac. Her commander was Flag Officer 
Franklin Buchanan, who had resigned from the U. S. Navy and 
she had as gallant a complement of officers and as brave a crew 
as shipped in the Monitor; the crew numbered upwards of three 
hundred men. As was the case with the Monitor, workmen had 
been engaged on the Merrimac up to the hour of sailing, and 
there had been no opportunity for drilling the men in the manage- 
ment of the guns or the handling of the floating arsenal. Her 
officers and crew were strangers to each other and to the ship, 
which traveled at so slow a rate of speed, and steered so badly that, 
with her great length, it took from thirty to forty minutes to turn 
her, while her draft of twenty-two feet of water confined her to a 
comparatively narrow channel in the Roads. Nevertheless she was 
faster than any wooden sailing vessel, and her great weight, with 
the iron ram at her prow, would have sunk any vessel then afloat. 
The Merrimac Sails for Hampton Roads. 
It was about eleven o'clock on the morning of Saturday, March 
8, 1862, that the great iron-clad steamed out of Norfolk and up 
the Elizabeth river to Hampton Roads, where the wooden war- 
ships Cumherland and Congress lay at anchor off Newport News, 
while seven miles beyond, the war-frigates Minnesota, Roanoke 
and St. Laturence were anchored off Fortress Monroe. The Miri' 



22S The Monitor and Merrimac. 

nesota and Roanoke had been sister-ships of the MerTimac before 
she was rebuilt as an iron-clad, and carried forty guns each. The 
St. Lawrence and the Congress carried each fifty guns, and the 
Cumberland thirty. It was a beautiful spring morning on which 
the Merrimac started upon her murderous cruise. There had been 
a lio-ht rain the niofht before, and the sails of the Cumberland and 
Congress were loosed to dry, washed clothes hung in their rig- 
ging and the sailors were lounging carelessly about in the sun- 
shine, when the great black monster hove in sight from the South 
and headed directly toward them, resembling, as the pilot of the 
(7'^fm^er?«?^f/ said in his report, ''a huge half -submerged croco- 
dile." Lieutenant George U. Morris was in command of the 
Cumberland^ Captain Radford, her commander, being absent on 
the Roanoke at a Court of Inquiry. 

The Cumberland Opens Fire on the Merrimac. 

Lieutenant Morris gave orders to prepare for instant action, 
and the Cumberland was sprung across the channel so that her 
broadside would bear upon the Merrimac. When the huge in- 
truder had arrived within a mile's distance the Cumberland 
opened upon her with the pivot-guns, and a little later the whole 
broadside fired upon her; but to the consternation of officers and 
men, their heavy projectiles bounded from the mailed roof of the 
Merrimac like balls of India rubber, and the only effect of the 
volley was to cut off her flag-staff and bring down the Con- 
federate colors. The Co?igress also opened upon the big iron-clad, 
and the Cumberland fired broadside after broadside with the 
effect, finally, of blowing the muzzles off two guns and tearing 
up the carriage of another, besides riddling the steam pipes and 
smoke-stack, and sweeping away every thing outside clean; and 
killing and wounding twenty-one men. It did not, however, 
stop her headway. The black monster advanced steadily until 
within a few feet of the Cumberland, when she sent a single shell 
through the port quarter, killing four marines and five seamen, 
and followed it up with a murderous broadside at point-blank 
range that mowed down officers, marines, gunners and sailors 
before it. 



The Monitor and Meerimac. 229 

The Red Flag at the Cumberland's Fore- truck. 

The Merrimac then steamed a mile np the James river and, 
turning, came down at full speed, and struck the ill-fated 
Cumberland under the starboard bow, knocking every man on 
board from his feet, and straightening the heavy cable chain 
out like a whipcord. It drove a hole in her hull the size of a 
hogshead, and keeled the ship over so that her yard-arms nearly 
touched the water, but the force of the resistance was such 
as to break the projecting ram from the prow of the iron-clad. 
The CumherJand fired broadside after broadside, but the Merri- 
mac slowly fell astern, firing as she went, and doing terrible exe- 
cution. '• Surrender that ship, Morris, or I'll sink her," 
shouted Lieutenant Jones, a former schoolmate of Lieutenant 
Morris, through one of the port holes in the Merrimac. *^I'll 
go down with her, first," replied Morris, and a moment later 
the red flag, meaning ^' No surrender," was run up to the Ciim- 
herland's fore -truck. 

Sinking of the Cumberland. 

Again the Merrimac ran down upou her, striking her amid- 
ships and doing murderous work with her guns. The decks of 
the frigate were slippery with blood, and the scuppers ran red, 
but no man faltered. As fast as one gun's crew were killed, 
another took its place, and thus gallantly fighting, the vessel 
slowly settled lower and lower in the water, and one after 
another her guns were submerged. A shell entered the ship's 
galley, and exploded in the coppers, scattering small fragments 
in every direction, and killing or wounding every man in the 
vicinity. In the forward part of the ship, from the galley to 
the manger, lay heaps of the dead and dying; and mangled, 
gasping forms crawled helplessly upon the bloody decks. The 
captain of one gun had both legs shot off below the knee, but 
he hobbled to his gun and pulled the string, and was crushed to 
death by the recoil of the piece upon him. The Ciomlerland 
settled fast, but her guns were fired after the water was knee- 
deep upon her decks. Then Lieutenant Morris shouted: *' Up, 



230 The Monitor and Merkimac. 

my brave boys, and save yourselves ! every raan for himself, and 
God for us all ! " All of the boats had been shot away but one, 
and it was filled by those who were fortunate enough to reach it 
first. The wounded were in the after cock-pit, and the chaplain 
went down with them, all perishing with the ship. Some of the 
uninjured sailors who came to the surface of the water were 
shot, and others who were able to swim reached Newport 
News in safety. Lieutenant Morris sprang overboard as the ship 
sank and was rescued by his men. The Cumberland went 
down in fifty-four feet of water, up to her cross-trees, with the 
flag of the Union still floating from her top-mast. Her com- 
mander had made the most desperate resistance against fearful 
odds known to the annals of naval warfare. 

The Merrimac Attacks the Congress. 
The victorious iron-clad now directed her attention to the Con- 
gresSy pouring in a terrific fire upon her, and receiving no 
injury in return from the other's broadsides. The Congress, 
however, fought gallantly for an hour after the Cumberland 
went down, but her losses were terrible and she finally ran up 
the white flag. The Minnesota, St. Lawrence and Roanoke 
had all started down from Fortress Monroe when the firing be- 
gan, but the channel was so shallow that the two latter went 
aground only a mile or two below the fort, and the Minnesota 
herself ran aground near the scene of action. From the Federal 
batteries at Newport News officers and men had watched the 
defeat of the two frigates in great consternation, but they were 
powerless to render any assistance, as their fire had no effect 
upon the Merrimac. The iron-clad was followed from Norfolk 
by the Confederate gun-boats of the James river squad; and as 
soon as the Congress floated the white flag Commodore Buchanan 
ordered the Beaufort and Raleigh to steam alongside, take oS'the 
men, and set the frigate on fire. Lieutenant Smith, commander 
of the Congress, had been killed, and Lieutenant Pendergrast, 
who succeeded him, delivered his sword and colors to Lieuten- 
ant Parker of the Beaufort, who ordered him to return to his 
ship and have the wounded removed as rapidly as possible. 



The Monitok and Merrimac. 231 

The Gun-boats driven off by Federal Land Forces. 

Meanwhile the Federal forces at Camp Butler, under com- 
mand of General Mansfield, kept up a hot fire upon the Con- 
federate gun-boats. The Twentieth Indiana Regiment and the 
First and Second Volunteers and the Eleventh Fire Zouaves 
Regiments of New York, with several other detachments, were 
lined along the shore, and sharpshooters from their rifle-pits on 
the banks picked off officers and men on the decks and in the 
rigging. Confederate officers called to General Mansfield to cease 
firing, and pointed to the white flag of the Congress. '' The 
ship may float the white flag," shouted the General in return, 
*'but we don-t." Federal Battery L, of the Fourth United 
States Artillery, under command of Captain R. V. W. Howard, 
Lieutenant Joseph P. Sanger, and Lieutenant Hasbrouck, also 
kept up an incessant fire upon the Confederate gun-boats, from 
Newport News. Lieutenant Sanger opened upon two tugs that 
went alongside of the Congress^ bursting the steam-chest of one, 
and driving both away, and at the same time a lucky shot ex- 
ploded the steam-chest of the Confederate gun-boat Yorktoivn, 
whicii floated off and grounded on Sewall's Point. Lieutenant 
Taylor and Midshipman Hutter, of the Raleigh^ were killed, and 
the fire finally became so hot that the gun boats were driven 
away with only thirty prisoners. 

The Congress Fired with Hot-shot by the Merrimac. 

Finding that he would be unable to take possession of the 
Congress, Commodore Buchanan ordered that she be fired with 
hot shot, and in a short time she was in flames fore and aft. 
Lieutenant Pendergrast and his men were still on board, but 
most of them effected their escape through the blazing rig- 
ging and sails, and swam to Newport News, where many of the 
wounded died on shore. Commodore Buchanan had been se- 
verely wounded during the last engagement, and the command 
now devolved upon Lieutenant Catesby Jones. The Minnesota 
was aground and at his mercy; but, as it was five o'clock and 
darkness was approaching, the pilots of the Merrimac would not 



232 The Monitor and Merrimac. 

attempt the middle channel with the ebb-tide against them. The 
Merrimac therefore returned to Sewall's Point, intending to cap- 
ture or destroy the Minnesota in the morning. The flag-staff of 
the Merrimac had been repeatedly carried away, and during the 
latter part of the combat her colors were kept flying from the 
smoke-stack and a boarding-pike. The damage to the Merrifiiac 
was all to the exterior of the vessel, her armor had been hardly 
injured. At SewalFs Point, Commodore Buchanan and the 
other wounded were sent to the Naval Hospital, and as one of 
the officers afterv/ard said: ''We slept at our guns, dreaming 
of other victories in the morning." 

President Lincoln calls a meeting of his Cabinet. 
The Merrimac's crushing victory over the two Federal war 
ships having taken place within sight of both camps, the news 
was received in Washington and Richmond before night-fall. In 
the South the victory was of course the occasion of the wildest 
rejoicing, but in the North the utmost consternation prevailed. 
President Lincoln called a meeting of the Cabinet, upon receiv- 
ing the news, and each member manifested great depression. 
" The ifernm«c," said Secretary Stanton, "will change the 
whole character of the war. She will destroy, seriatim, every 
naval vessel. She will lay all the cities on the seaboard under 
contribution. I shall immediately recall Burnside; Port Royal 
must be abandoned. I will notify the Governors and municipal 
authorities in the North to take instant measures to protect their 
harbors. We may even receive a shell or a cannon-ball from the 
Merrimac in the White House. ^' 

Burning of the Congress. 
All during that night the 6'ow^ress burned in Hampton Roads, 
watched by hundreds of soldiers from Newport News and Sewall's 
Point, and by the sailors on board the Minnesota, lying aground 
and expecting to be scuttled in the morning by the remorseless 
black monster that had destroyed her sister ships. The burning 
vessel, seen from the shore, was a beautiful sight as the flames 
crept up the rigging and every mast, spar and rope glittered 



The Monitor and Merrimac. 233 

against the sky in dazzling lines of fire. For hours the flames 
raged, with hardly a perceptible change in the wondrous picture, 
and at regular intervals loaded guns and shells, exploding as the 
fire reached them, sent forth their deep reverberations echoing 
and re-echoing from every headland of the bay. The masts and 
rigging were still standing apparently almost intact, when, about 
two o'clock in the morning, the sky was rent by a tremendous 
flash and a vast sheet of flame rose high into the air. Blazing 
fragments filled the sky, and after a long interval, a deep, deafen- 
ing report announced the explosion of the ship's powder maga- 
zine The hull of the vessel still remained intact, however, and 
continued to burn until its brightness was effaced by the morning 

The perilous Sea voyage of the Monitor. 
But the joyful anticipations of the Confederacy were doomed 
to disappointment, as the gloomy forebodings of President Lin- 
coln and his Cabinet were destined not to be reahzed. During 
that day of carnage and blood the gallant little Monitor had been 
bravely buffeting her way southward to Hampton Roads. The 
day before she had only avoided foundering with all on board by 
the herculean efforts of officers and crew. The berth-deck hatch 
leaked in spite of all that could be done, and the water came 
down under the turret like a waterfall, and through the narrow 
eve-holes in the pilot-house with such force as to knock the 
helmsman completely round from the wheel. The water also 
came through the blower-pipes in such quantities that the belts 
of the blower engines slipped; and, the artificial draught upon 
the engines ceasing, the fires did not get enough air for com- 
bustion. To add to their peril, when the engineers rushed into 
the engine-room to repair this difficulty, they were a most suffo- 
cated bv escaping gas, and it was necessary to carry them to the 
top of Uie turret to revive them. Tlie water now poured m 
through the hawser-hole and down the smoke-stacks and blower- 
pipes in such quantities as to threaten to sink the vessel. The 
engine-room was uninhabitable on account of the gas, the s cam- 
pumps could not be operated because the fires had been almost 
30 



234 The Monitor and Merkimac. 

extinguished, and, when the hand-pumps were tried, they were 
found not to have suflQcient force to throw the water througli the 
top of the turret, the only opening. It was the subsidence of 
the wind alone that prevented the vessel from sinking. 

Arrival of the Monitor at Hampton Roads. 

But toward evening it became calm, and the engines were 
put in operation. At midnight rough weather was again 
encountered, and, to add to the other difficulties, the wheel- 
ropes were jammed. All night officers and men fought the leaks, 
and toward morning smooth water was once more reached. At 
four o'clock on the afternoon of that day, which proved calm 
and peaceful, the little Monitor passed Cape Henry when those 
aboard could hear the booming of the guns that were then set- 
ting fire to the ill-fated Congress. Steaming into Hampton 
Roads, unperceived by the enemy's vessels in the darkness, 
Lieutenant Worden found the Minnesota hard aground, expect- 
ing to be scuttled in the morning, and learned the extent of the 
disasters inflicted upon the Congress and Cumherland by the 
Merrimac. The Congress was then burning brightly, and the 
men on the Monitor witnessed the final explosion, and by the light 
of the burning vessel saw the top masts of the Cumherland ris- 
ing from the water with the Union flag that had been defended 
so valorously still flying from her peak. Undaunted by the ter- 
rible destruction her huge adversary had accomplished, the little 
Monitor prepared to attack her in the morning; and when day- 
light broke on Sunday the Merrimac and her consorts were dis- 
covered at anchor off SewalFs Point. Lieutenant Greene, of the 
Monitor, has called attention to the fact that the physical con- 
dition of the officers and men of the two ships was in striking 
contrast. "The Merrimac," he said, "had passed the night 
quietly near Sewall's Point, her people enjoying rest and sleep, 
elated by the thoughts of the victory they had achieved that day, 
and cheered by the prospects of another easy victory on the mor- 
row. The Monitor had barely escaped shipwreck twice within 
the last thirty-six hours, and since Friday morning (forty-eight 



The Monitor and Merrimac. 235 

hours before) few, if any, of those on board had closed their eyes 
in sleep, or had any thing to eat but hard bread, as cooking was 
impossible/' 

The Monitor attacks the Merrimac. 
At half -past seven o'clock the Merrimac left Sewall's Point and 
steered in the direction of the Miimesota. Her officers had de- 
tected the Monitor, and knew that she was the iron-clad that had 
been building at Greenpoint, but victory had made them confi- 
dent, and the diminutive aspect of the little "fighting machine'^ 
provoked their ridicule. The Monitor at once advanced to meet 
the bulky iron -clad in order to keep her as far away from the help- 
less Minnesota as possible. Lieutenant Worden took his place 
in the pilot-house, and with him were the pilot and quartermas- 
ter, who steered the vessel throughout the engagement. Lieu- 
tenant Greene had charge of the guns in the turret,, assisted by 
the acting master, chief engineer and sixteen brawny men. 
As the Monitor reached the Merrimac the wooden vessels left 
her, and the next moment the Monitor fired her first shot. The 
Merrimac retaliated with a broadside, and several heavy shots 
struck the turret of the Monitor, which remained intact and 
continued to revolve, which gave her gunners confidence, and 
broadsides were exchanged as fast as the guns could be served, 
sometimes at a distance of only two or three yards apart. The 
little Monitor dodged about her bulky adversary trying to find a 
vulnerable spot; once a dash was made at the stern to disable 
the screw, but the vessel missed its mark. The Merrimac aimed 
most of her shots at the turret of the Monitor, and the iron hail 
beating upon the iron roof almost deafened the gunners with its 
terrible detonations. The acting master was disabled by a shot 
that struck the turret as he was leaning against it, and his work 
thereafter devolved upon the engineer. The speaking-tube from 
the pilot-house to the turret was also broken early in the action, 
so that it was impossible for the commander to communicate with 
the executive officer except by means of messengers, thereby 
greatly increasing the difficulties of the emergency, as many 
technical communications miscarried. 



236 The Monitor and Mereimac. 

The Merrimac Abandons the Field. 

Once the Merrimac tried to ram the Monitor, but the little 
vessel nirably dodged the blow, and at the same moment Lieu- 
tenant Greene planted a one hundred and eighty pound shot 
upon the forward part of the other's casement. All the morn- 
ing the battle raged at close quarters, but, soon after noon, a 
shell from the Merrimac struck the sight-hole in the forward 
side of the pilot-house, and exploding lifted the iron plate and 
completely blinded Lieutenant Worden, who was standing im- 
mediately behind it. The flood of light rushing into the pilot- 
house caused Worden, in his blind condition, to believe that the 
vessel was severely injured; he gave orders to sheer off, and left 
Lieutenant Greene in command. Wounded and suffering as he 
was. Lieutenant Worden's fortitude never forsook him, and 
when he was told that the Minnesota was saved, he said: *^Then 
I can die happy.'^ Lieutenant Greene at once ordered another 
attack upon the Merrimac, but it was discovered that she was on 
her way to Sewall's Point. A few shots were fired after her, 
but she continued on her way to Norfolk. 

The Monitor founders at Sea. 

Both the Monitor and the Merrimac claimed the victory in this 
first contest of iron-clads — the Merrimac on the ground that 
the Monitor fix^t sheered off; while the Monitor^ s officers claimed 
that, though they temporarily discontinued hostilities, the Mer- 
rimac was the first to retreat. Lieutenant Greene said: ^''It has 
never been denied that the object of the Merrimac on the 9th 
of March was to complete the destruction of the Union fleet in 
Hampton Eoads, and that in this she was completely foiled and 
driven off by the Monitor; nor has it been denied that, at the 
close of the engagement, the Merrimac retreated to Norfolk, 
leaving the Monitor in possession of the field." Both of the 
vessels that were destined to revolutionize naval warfare were 
short-lived. The Merrimac, upon arriving at Norfolk, was 
placed in dry-dock and thoroughly repaired, a much heavier ram 
being substituted for the one she had lost in the attack upon the 



The Monitor and Merrimao. -237 

Cumlerland. When the repairs were completed, early in April 
the Merrimac again steamed down to Hampton Roads but no 
more fighting was done, and, when the Confederates evacuated 
Norfolk, she was burned on the James river to prevent her fall- 
ing into the hands of the Federal troops. In December of the 
same year the Monitor foundered and sunk with many of her crew 
in a storm off Cape Hatteras, while on her way to Charleston. 



APPENDIX 

CONTAINING PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S FIRST INAUGURAL AD- 
DRESS, THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATIONS, THE PROCLA- 
MATION DECLARING THE WAR AT AN END AND THE UNIVER- 
SAL AMNESTY PROCLAMATION. ALSO STATISTICAL TABLES 
RELATING TO THE NATIONAL DEBT, PRICE OF GOLD, SLAVE 
POPULATION OF THE RESPECTIVE STATES AND PRESIDEN- 
TIAL VOTE OF 1860, ETC. 



PRESIDENT LINCOLFS 

INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF MARCH 4, 1861. 



Felloio-cUizens of the United States: In compliance with a 
custom as old as the government itself, I appear before you to 
address you briefly, and to take in your presence the oath pre- 
scribed by the Constitution of the United States to be taken by 
the president ^M3efore he enters on the execution of his office." 

I do not consider it necessary at present for me to discuss 
those matters of administration about which there is no special 
anxiety or excitement. Apprehension seems to exist among the 
people of the Southern States that by the accession of a Repub- 
lican" administration their property and their peace and personal 
security are to be endangered. There has never been any rea- 
sonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the most ample 
evidence to the contrary has all the while existed and been open 
to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published 
speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from 
one of those speeches when I declare that " I have no purpose^ 
directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in 
the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do 
so, and I have no inclination to do so. " Those who nominated and 
elected me did so with full knowledge that I had made this and 
many similar declarations, and had never recanted them. And 
more than this, they placed in the platform for my acceptance, 
and as a law to themselves and to me, the clear and emphatic 
resolution which I now read: 
31 



242 President Lincoln's 

'' Resolved, That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of 
the States, and especially the right of each State to order and 
control its own domestic institutions according to its own judg- 
ment exclusively, is essential to that balance of power on which 
the perfection and endnrance of our political fabric depend, and 
w^e denounce the lawless invasion by armed force of the soil of 
any State or Territory, no matter under what pretext, as among 
the gravest of crimes." 

I now reiterate these sentiments; and, in doing so, I only press 
ujjon the j)ublic attention the most conclusive evidence of which 
the case is susceptible, that the property, peace, and security of 
no section are to be in anywise endangered by the now incoming 
administration. I add, too, that all the j^rotection which, con- 
sistently with the Constitution and the laws, can be given, will 
be cheerfully given to all the States when lawfully demanded, 
for whatever cause — as cheerfully to one section as to another. 

There is much controversy about the delivering up of fugi- 
tives from service or labor. The clause I now read is as plainly 
written in the Constitution as any other of its provisions: 

'^No person held to service or labor in one State, under the 
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any 
law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or 
labor but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom 
such service or labor may be due." 

It is scarcely questioned that this provision was intended by 
those who made it for the reclaiming of what we call fugitive 
slaves; and the intention of the law-giver is the law. All mem- 
bers of Congress swear their support to the whole Constitution 
— to this provision as much as any other. To the proposition, 
then, that slaves whose cases come within the terms of this 
clause, ** shall be delivered up," their oaths are unanimous. 
Now, if they would make the effort in good temper, could they 
not, with nearly equal unanimity, frame and pass a law by 
means of which to keep good that unanimous oath? 

There is some difference of opinion whether this clause should 
be enforced by National or by State authority; but surely that 
difference is not a very material one. If the slave is to be sur- 
rendered, it can be of but little consequence to him, or to others. 



First Inaugural Address. 243 

by whicli authority it is done. And should any one, in any case, 
be content that his oath shall go unkept, on a merely unsub- 
stantial controversy as to lioiv it shall be kept? 

Again, in any law upon this subject, ought not all the safe- 
guards of liberty known in civilized and humane jurisi^rudence 
to be introduced, so that a free man be not, in any case, sur- 
rendered as a slave? And might it not be well at the same time 
to provide by law for the enforcement of that clause in the Con- 
stitution which guarantees that ^' the citizens of each State shall 
be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the 
several States?" 

I take the official oath to-day with no mental reservations, and 
with no purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any 
hypercritical rules. And while I do not choose now to specify 
particular acts of Congress as proper to be enforced, I do sug- 
gest that it will be much safer for all, both in official and private 
stations, to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand 
unrepealed than to violate any of them, trusting to find impu- 
nity in having them held to be unconstitutional. 

It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a presi- 
dent under our National Constitution. During that period fif- 
teen different and greatly distinguished citizens have, in succes- 
sion, administered the executive branch of the government. 
They have conducted it through many perils, and generally with 
great success. Yet, with all this scope of precedent, I now 
enter upon the same task for the , brief constitutional term of 
four years under great and peculiar difficulty. A disruption of 
the Federal Union, heretofore only menaced, is now formidably 
attempted. 

I hold that, in contemplation of universal law, and of the 
Constitution, the Union of these States is perpetual. Perpetuity 
is implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental law of all 
National governments. It is safe to assert that no government 
proper ever had a provision in its organic law for its own termi- 
nation. Continue to execute all the express provisions of our 
National Constitution, and the Union will endure forever — it 



244 President Lincoln's 

being impossible to destroy it, except by some action not pro- 
Tided for in the instrument itself. 

Again, if the United States be not a government proper, but 
an association of States in the nature of a contract merely, can 
it, as a contract, be peaceably unmade by less than all the parties 
who made it? One party to a contract may violate it — break it, 
so to speak ; but does it not require all to lawfully rescind it? 

Descending from these general principles, we find the proposi- 
tion that, in legal contemplation, the Union is perpetual, con- 
firmed by the history of the Union itself. The Union is much 
older than the Constitution. It was formed in fact by the 
Articles of Association in 1774. It was matured and continued 
by the Declaration of Independence in 1776. It was further 
matured, and the faith of all the then thirteen States expressly 
plighted and engaged that it should be perpetual, by the Articles 
of Confederation in 1778. And, finally, in 1787, one of the 
declared objects for ordaining and establishing the Constitution 
was '^ to form a more perfect U7iion.^^ 

But if destruction of the Union, by one, or by a part only, of 
the States, be lawfully possible, the Union is less perfect than 
before, the Constitution having lost the vital element of per- 
petuity. 

It follows, from these views, that no State, upon its own mere 
motion, can lawfully get out of the Union ; that resolves and 
ordmances to that effect are legally void, and that acts of vio- 
lence, within any State or -States, against the authority of the 
United States, are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to 
circumstances. 

I, therefore, consider that, in view of the Constitution and the 
laws, the Union is unbroken, and, to the extent of my ability, I 
shall take care, as the Constitution itself expressly enjoins upon 
me, that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the 
States. Doing this I deem to be only a simple duty on my part; 
and I shall perform it, so far as practicable, unless my rightful 
masters, the American people, shall withhold the requisite means, 
or, in some authoritative manner, direct the contrary. I trust 



First Inaugural Address. 245 

this will not be regarded as a menace, but only as tlie declared 
purpose of the Union that it will constitutionally defend and 
maintain itself. 

In doing this there need be no bloodshed or violence; and 
there shall be none, unless it be forced upon the National 
authority. The power confided to me will be used to hold, 
occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the 
government, and to collect the duties and imposts; but, beyond 
what may be necessary for these objects, there will be no inva- 
sion, no nsing of force against or among the people anywhere. 
Where hostility to the United States, in any interior locality, 
shall be so great and universal as to prevent competent resident 
citizens from holding the Federal offices, there will be no attempt 
to force obnoxious strangers among the people for that object. 
While the strict legal right may exist in the government to 
enforce the exercise of these offices, the attempt to do so would 
be so irritating, and so nearly impracticable with all, that I deem 
it better to forego, for the time, the uses of such offices. 

The mails, unless repelled, will continue to be furnished in all 
parts of the Union. So far as possible, the people everywhere 
shall have that sense of perfect security which is most favorable 
to calm thought and reflection. The course here indicated will 
be followed, unless current events and experience shall show a 
modification or change to be proper, and in every case and 
exigency my best discretion will be exercised, according to cir- 
cumstances actually existing, and with a view and a hope of a 
peaceful solution of the National troubles, and the restoration of 
fraternal sympathies and affections. 

That there are persons in one section or another who seek to 
destroy the Union at all events, and are glad of any pretext to 
do it, I will neither affirm nor deny; but if there be such I need 
address no word to them. To those, however, who really love 
the Union, may I not speak ? 

Before entering upon so grave a matter as the destruction of 
our National fabric, with all its benefits, its memories, and its 
hopes, would it not be wise to ascertain precisely why we do it? 



246 President Lincoln's 

Will you hazard so desperate a step while there is any possibility 
that any portion of the ills you fly from have no real existence? 
Will you, while the certain ills you fly to are greater than all the 
real ones you fly from — will you risk the commission of so fear- 
ful a mistake? 

All profess to be content in the Union, if all constitutional 
rights can be maintamed. Is it true, then, that any right, 
plainly written in the Constitution, has been denied? I think 
not. Happily the human mind is so constituted that no party 
can reach to the audacity of doing this. Think, if you can, of 
a single instance in which a plainly written provision of the 
Constitution has ever been denied. If, by the mere force of 
numbers, a majority should deprive a minority of any clearly 
written constitutional right, it might, in a moral point of view, 
justify revolution — certainly would if such right were a vital 
one. But such is not our case. All the vital rights of minori^ 
ties and of individuals are so plainly assured to them by affirma- 
tions and. negations, guarantees and prohibitions in the Consti- 
tution, that controversies never arise concerning them. But no 
organic law can ever be framed with a provision specifically ap- 
plicable to every question which may occur in practical admin- 
istration. No foresight can anticipate, nor any document of 
reasonable length contain express provisions for all possible ques- 
tions. Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered by National or 
by State authority? The Constitution does not expressly say. 
May Congress prohibit slavery in the Territories? The Consti- 
tution does not expressly say. Must Congress protect slavery in 
the Territories? The Constitution does not expressly say. 

From questions of this class spring all our constitutional con- 
troversies, and we divide upon them into majorities and minori- 
ties. If the minority will not acquiesce the majority must, or 
the government must cease. There is no other alternative; for 
continuing the government is acquiescence on one side or the 
other. If a minority in such case will secede rather than acqui- 
esce they make a precedent which, in turn, will divide and ruin 
them; for a minority of their own will secede from them when- 



First Inaugural Address. 247 

ever a majority refuses to be controlled by such minority. For 
instance, why may not any portion of a new Confederacy, a year 
or two hence, arbitrarily secede again, precisely as portions of 
the present Union now claim to secede from it ? All who cher- 
ish disunion sentiments are now being educated to the exact 
temper of doing this. Is there such perfect identity of interests 
among the States to compose a new Union, as to produce har- 
mony only, and prevent renewed secession? 

Plainly, the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy. 
A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limi- 
tations and always changing easily with deliberate changes of 
popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of 
a free people. Whoever rejects it, does, of necessity, fly to an- 
archy or to despotism. Unanimity is impossible; the rule of a 
minority, as a permanent arrangement, is wholly inadmissible; 
so that, rejecting the majority principle, anarchy or despotism 
in some form is all that is left. 

I do not forget the position assumed by some, that constitu- 
tional questions are to be decided by the Supreme Court; nor do 
I deny that such decision must be binding, in any case, upon 
the parties to a suit, as to the object of that suit, while they are 
also entitled to very high respect and consideration in all 
parallel cases by all other departments of the government. And 
while it is obviously possible that such decision may be errone- 
ous in any given case, still the evil effect following it, being lim- 
ited to that particular case, with the chance that it may be over- 
ruled, and never become a precedent for other cases, can better 
be borne than could the evils of a different practice. At the 
same time the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of 
the government upon vital questions, affecting the whole peoj^le 
is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court, the 
instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in 
personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own 
rulers, having to that extent practically resigned their govern- 
ment into the hands of that eminent tribunal. 



248 President Lincoln's 

Nor is there in this view any assault upon the court or the 
j udges. It is a duty from which they may not shrink to decide cases 
properly brought before them, and it is no fault of theirs if 
others seek to turn their decisions to political purposes. One 
section of our country believes slavery is rigid, and ought to be 
extended, while the other believes it is lurong, and ought not to 
be extended. This is the only substantial dispute. The fugi- 
tive slave clause of the Constitution, and the law for the sup- 
pression of the foreign slave trade, are each as well enforced, 
perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community where the 
moral sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. 
The great body of the people abide by the dry legal obligation 
in both cases, and a few break over in each. This, I think, can- 
not be perfectly cured; and it Avould be worse in both cases after 
the separation of the sections than before. The foreign slave 
trade, now imiDerfectly suppressed, would be ultimately revived 
without restriction in one section; while fugitive slaves, now 
only partially surrendered, would not be surrendered at all by 
the other. 

Physically speaking, we cannot separate. We cannot remove 
our respective sections from each other, nor build an impassable 
Avail between them. A husband and wife may be divorced, and 
go out of the presence and beyond the reach of each other; but 
the different parts of our country cannot do this. They cannot 
but remain face to face; and intercourse, either amicable or hos- 
tile, must continue between them. Is it possible, then, to make 
that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory after 
separation than hefore? Can aliens make treaties easier than 
friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced 
between aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go 
to war, you cannot fight always; and when after much loss on 
both sides, and no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identi- 
cal old questions, as to terms of intercourse, are again upon you. 

This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who 
inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing gov- 
ernment they can exercise their const itiUional right of amending 



First Inaugural Address. 249 

it, or their revolutionary right to dismember or overthrow it. I 
cannot be ignorant of the fact that many worthy and patriotic 
citizens are desirous of having the National Constitution amended. 
While I make no recommendation of amendments, I fully recog- 
nize the rightful authority of the people over the whole subject, 
to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the instru- 
ment itself; and I should under existing circumstances, favor 
rather than oppose a fair opportunity being afforded the people 
to act upon it. I will venture to add that to me the convention 
mode seems preferable, in that it allows amendments to originate 
with the people themselves, instead of only permitting them to 
take or reject propositions originated by others, not especially 
chosen for the purpose, and which might not be precisely such 
as they would wish to either accept or refuse. I understand a 
proposed amendment to the Constitution — which amendment, 
however, I have not seen — has passed Congress, to the effect that 
the Federal p'overnment shall never interfere with the domestic 
institutions of the States, including that of persons held to 
service. To avoid misconstruction of what I have said, I depart 
from my purpose not to speak of particular amendments so far 
as to say that, holding such a provision now to be implied con- 
stitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express and 
irrevocable. 

The Chief Magistrate derives all his authority from the people, 
and they have conferred none upon him to fix terms for the 
separation of the States. The people themselves can do tliis 
also if they choose; but the Executive, as such, has nothing to 
do with it. His duty is to administer the present government, 
as it came to his hands, and to transmit it, unimpaired by him, 
to his successor. 

Why should there not be a patient confidence in the ultimate 
justice of the people? Is there any better or equal hope in the 
world? In our present differences is either party without faith 
of being in the right? If the Almighty Kuler of Nations, with 
His eternal truth and justice, be on your side of the North, or on 
yours of the South, that truth and that justice will surely pre- 
32 



250 President Lincoln's First Inaugural Address. 

vail, by the judgment of this great tribunal of the American 
peo]ole. 

By the frame of the government under which we live, this 
same people have wisely given their public servants but little 
power for mischief; and have, with equal wisdom, provided for 
the return of that little to their own hands at very short intervals. 
While the people retain their virtue and vigilance, no Adminis- 
tration, by any extreme of weakness or folly, can very seriously 
injure the government in the short space of four years. 

My countrymen, one and all, think calmly and ^oell upon this 
whole subject. Nothing valuable can be lost by taking time. 
If there be an object to hurry any of you, in hot haste, to a step 
which you Avould never take deliberately ^ that object Avill be 
frustrated by taking time; but no good object can be frustrated 
by it. Such of you as are now dissatisfied, still have the old 
Constitution unimpaired, and, on the sensitive point, the laws of 
your own framing under it; while the new Administration will 
have no immediate power, if it would, to change either. If it 
were admitted that you who are dissatisfied hold the right side 
in the dispute, there still is no single good reason for precii^itate 
action. Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm reliance 
on Him who has never yet forsaken this favored land, are still 
competent to adjust, in the best way, all our present diflBculty. 

In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in 
mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government 
will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being" 
yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in 
Heaven to destroy the government, while /shall have the most 
solemn one to '^preserve, protect and defend it." 

I am loth to close We are not enemies, but friends. We 
must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it 
must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of 
memory, stretching from every battle-field and i)atriot grave to 
every living heart and hearth-stone, all over this broad land, will 
yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched as surely 
they will be, by the better angels of our nature. 



Federal and Confederate Governments. 251 

PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S CABINET. 

Secretary of State — William H. Seward, of New York. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio; suc- 
ceeded July 5, 1864, by William Pitt Fessenden, of Maine. 

Secretary of War — Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania; suc- 
ceeded January 11, 1862, by Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio. 

Secretary of the Navy — Gideon Welles, of Connecticut. 

Secretary of the Interior — Caleb B. Smith, of Indiana; suc- 
ceeded January 8, 1863, by John P. Usher, of Indiana. 

Attorney-General — Edward Bates, of Missouri. 

Postmaster-General — ]Montgomery Blair, of Maryland. 



THE CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT. 

The *' Provisional." 

(February 18, 1861, to February 18, 1862.) 
President — Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi. 
Vice-President — Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia. 

The Cabinet. 

Secretary of State — Robert Toombs, of Georgia, from Feb- 
ruary 21 to July 30; resigned, and succeeded by Robert M. T. 
Hunter, of Virginia. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Charles G. Memminger, of South 
Carolina, from February 21. 

Secretary of War — Leroy Pope Walker, of Alabama, from 
February 21 to September 10; resigned, and succeeded by Judah 
P. Benjamin, of Louisiana. 

Secretary of the Navy — Stephen R. Mallory, of Florida, from 
March 4. 

Attorney-General — Judah P. Benjamin, of Louisiana, from 
February 21 to September; resigned, and succeeded by Thomas 
H. Watts, of Alabama. 

Postmaster-General — John H. Reagan, of Texas, from March 
6, Henry J. Ellet, of Mississippi, first appointed, having declined. 



252 Pkoclamation of an Intention 

The Perman^ei^t Administration. 

(From February 19, 1862.) 
President — Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi. 
Vice-President — Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia. 

The Cabinet. 

(Confirmed March 23, 1862.) 

Secretary of State — Judah P. Benjamin, of Louisiana. 

Secretary of the Treasury — Charles G. Memminger, of South 
Carolina; resigned, in June, 1864, and succeeded by George A. 
Trenholm, of South Carolina. 

Secretary of War — George W. Randolph, of Virginia; resigned, 
and succeeded by James A. Seddon, of Virginia. 

Secretary of the Navy — Stephen E. Mallory, of Florida. 

Attorney-General — Thomas H. Watts, of Alabama; resigned 
on election as Governor of Alabama, in November, 1863, and 
succeeded by George Davis, of North Carolina. 

Postmaster-General — John H. Reagan, of Texas. 



INTENTION TO EMANCIPATE SLAVES, PROCLAIMED. 

I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States of 
America, and Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy 
thereof, do hereby proclaim and declare that hereafter, as here- 
tofore, the war will be prosecuted for the object of practically 
restoring the constitutional relation between the United States 
and each of the States and the people thereof, in which States 
that relation is or may be suspended or disturbed. 

That it is my purpose, upon the next meeting of Congress, to 
again recommend the adoption of a practical measure tendering 
pecuniary aid to the free acceptance or rejection of all slave 
States, so-called, the people whereof may not then be in rebellion 
against the United States, and which States may then have vol- 



To Emancipate the Slaves. 255 

imtaril}" adopted, or thereafter may voluntarily adopt, imme- 
diate or gradual abolishment of slavery within their respective 
limits; and that the effort to colonize persons of African descent, 
with their consent, upon the continent or elsewhere, with the 
previously obtained consent of the governments existing there, 
will be continued. That on the first day of January, in the year 
of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all per- 
sons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a 
State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the 
United States, shall be then, thenceforward and forever free; and 
the Executive Government of the United States, including the 
military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and main- 
tain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to 
repress such persons or any of them, in any efforts they may make 
for their actual freedom. 

That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, 
by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, 
in which the people thereof respectively, shall then be in rebellion 
against the United States; and the fact that any State, or the 
people thereof, shall on that day be, in good faith, represented in 
the Congress of the United States, by members chosen thereto, 
at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such 
State shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong 
countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that 
such State and the people thereof, are not in rebellion against 
the United States. That attention is hereby called to an act 
of Congress, entitled '^ An act to make an additional article 
of Avar," approved March 13, 1862, and which act is in the words 
and figures following : 

" Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
the United States of America in Congress assembled: That here- 
after the following shall be promulgated as an additional article 
of war, for the government of the army of the United States, and 
shall be obeyed and observed as such. 

*' Article — . All officers or persons in tiie military or naval 
service of the United States are prohibited from employing any 
of the forces under their respective commands^ for the purpose of 



254 Proclamation of an Intention 

returning fugitives from service or labor who may have escaped 
from any person to whom such service or labor is claimed to be 
due, and any officer who shall be found guilty by a court martial 
for violating this article shall be dismissed from the service. 

" Section 2. And be it further enacted, that this act shall take 
effect from and after its passage." 

Also to the 9th and 10th sections of an act entitled *' An act 
to suppress insurrection, to punish treason and rebellion, to seize 
and confiscate the property of Rebels, and for other purposes,'* 
approved July 17, 1862, and which sections are in the words and 
figures following: 

" Section 9. And be it further enacted, that all slaves of persons 
who shall hereafter be engaged in rebellion against the Govern- 
ment of the United States, or who shall m any way give aid or 
comfort thereto, escaping from such persons and taking refuge 
Avithin the lines of the army, and all slaves captured from such 
persons or deserted by them and coming under the control of the 
Government of the United States; and all slaves of such persons 
found on [or] being within any place occupied by rebel forces 
and afterwards occupied by the forces of the United States, shall 
be deemed captives of Avar, and shall be forever free of their ser- 
vitude, and not again held as slaves.*' 

^* Section 10. And be it further enacted, that no slave escaping 
into any State, Territory or the District of Columbia, from any 
other State, shall be delivered up, or in any way impeded or 
hindered of his liberty, except for crime, or some offense against 
the laws, unless the person claiming said fugitive shall first 
make oath that the person to whom the labor or service of such 
fugitive is alleged to be due is his lawful owner, and has not borne 
arms against the United States in the present rebellion, nor in 
any way given aid and comfort thereto, and no person engaged in 
the military or naval service of the United States shall, under 
any pretence whatever, assume to decide on the validity of the 
claim of any person to the service or labor of any other person, 
or surrender up any such person to the claimant, on pain of 
being dismissed from the service." 

And I do hereby enjoin upon and order all persons engaged 
in the military and naval service of the United States to observe, 
obey and enforce, within their respective spheres of service, the 
act and sections above recited. And the Executive will in due 
time recommend that all citizens of the United States who shall 



To Emancipate the Slaves. 255 

have remained loyal thereto throughout the rebellion shall (upon 
the restoration of the Constitutional relation between the United 
States and their respective States and people, if that relation shall 
have been suspended or disturbed) be compensated for all losses 
by acts of the United States, including the loss of slaves. 

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and 
caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. 
[l. s.] Done at the city of Washington, this twenty-second 
day of September, in the year of our Lord one thou- 
sand eight hundred and sixty- two, and of the Inde- 
pendence of the United States the eighty-seventh. 
(Signed) ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
By the President: 

William H. Sewakd, Secretary of State. 



THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. 

Whereas, On the twenty-second day of September, in the 
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a 
Proclamation was issued by the President of the United States, 
containing, among other things, the following, to-wit: 

'^That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord 
one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as 
slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people 
whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall 
be then, thenceforward and forever free ; and the Executive 
government of the -United States, including the military and 
naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom 
of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, 
or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual 
freedom. 

''That the Executive will, on the first day of January afore- 
said, by Proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, 
if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in 
rebellion against the United States; and the fact that any State, 
or the people thereof, shall on that day be in good faith repre- 
sented in the Congress of the United States, by members chosen 



256 The Emancipation Proclamation. 

thereto at elections wherein a majority of the qualified voters of 
such States shall have participated, shall^ in the absence of strong 
countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that 
such State, and the people thereof, are not then in rebellion 
against the United States." 

Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United 
States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in- 
Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, in time of 
actual armed rebellion against the authority and government of 
the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for 
suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the 
year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and 
in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for 
the full period of one hundred days from the day first above men- 
tioned, order and designate as the States, and parts of States 
wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion 
against the United States, the following, to-wit: Arkansas, Texas, 
Louisiana (except the parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jef- 
ferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, 
Terre Bonne, La Fourche, St. Mary, St. Martin and Orleans, in- 
cluding the city of New Orleans), Mississi2:)pi, Alabama, Florida, 
Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia (except the 
forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the coun- 
ties of Berkeley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, 
Princess Ann and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and 
Portsmouth), and which excepted parts are for the present left 
precisely as if this Proclamation were not issued. 

And by virtue of the power and for the, purpose aforesaid, I 
do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said 
designated States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall 
be, free; and that the Executive government of the United States, 
including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recog- 
nize and maintain the freedom of said persons. 

And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to 
abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self defense; and 
I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor 
faithfully for reasonable wages; 



End of Eebellion Proclaimed. 25T 

And I further declare and make known that such persons, of 
suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the 
United States to garrison forts, positions, stations and other 
places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. 

And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, 
warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke 
the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of 

Almighty God. 

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and 
caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. 
[L.S.] Done at the city of Washington, this first day of Jan- 
uary, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hun- 
dred and sixty-three, and of the Independence of the 
United States of America the eighty-seventh. 

(Signed) ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 

By the President: 

William H. Seward, Secretary of State. 



PROCLAMATION ANNOUNCING REBELLION AT AN END. 

Whereas, by proclamations of the fifteenth and ninteenth of 
April, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, the President 
of the United States, in virtue of the power vested in him by the 
Constitution and the laws, declared that the laws of the United 
States were opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed m the 
States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, 
Louisiana, and Texas, by combinations too powerful to be sup- 
pressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the 
powers vested in the marshals by law; 

And whereas, by another proclamation made on the sixteenth 
day of August, in the same year in pursuance of an act of Con- 
crress approved July thirteenth, one thousand eight hundred and 
sixty-one, the inhabitants of the States of Georgia, South Caro- 
lina, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, 
33 



258 Termination of the Rebellion 

Texas,, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Florida (except the inhabit- 
ants of that part of the State of Virginia lying west of the Al- 
leghany mountains, and to such other parts of that State and 
the other States before named, as might maintain a loyal adhe- 
sion to the Union and the Constitution, or might be from time 
to time occupied and controlled by forces of the United States 
engaged in the dispersion of insurgents) were declared to be in 
a state of insurrection against the United States; 

And whereas, by another proclamation of the first day of 
July, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, issued in pur- 
suance of an act of Congress approved June seventh in the same 
year, the insurrection was declared to be still existing in the 
States aforesaid, with the exception of certain specified counties 
in the State of Virginia; 

And whereas, by another proclamation made on the second 
day of April, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, in 
pursuance of the act of Congress of July thirteenth, one thou- 
sand eight hundred and sixty-one, the exceptions named in the 
proclamation of August sixteenth, one thousand eight hundred 
and sixty-one, were revoked and the inhabitants of the States of 
Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, 
Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Florida, and Virginia, 
(except the forty-eight counties of Virginia designated as West 
Virginia, and the ports of New Orleans, Key West, Port Royal, 
and Beaufort, in South Carolina,) were declared to be still in a 
state of insurrection against the United States. 

And whereas, the House of Representatives, on the twenty- 
second day of July, one thousand eight hundred and sixty- one, 
adopted a resolution in the words following, namely: 

*' Resolved hy the House of Bepreseiitatives of the Congress of 
the United States, That the present deplorable civil war has been 
forced uj)on the country by the disunionists of the Southern 
States, now in revolt against the constitutional G-overnment and 
in arms around the capital; that in this national emergency 
Congress, banishing all feelings of mere passion or resent- 
ment, will recollect only its duty to the whole country; that this 
war is not waged on our part in any spirit of oppression, nor 



Officially Proclaimed. 259 

for any purpose of conquest or subjugation, nor purpose of over- 
throwing or interfering with the rights or established institutions 
of those States; but to defend and maintain the supremacy of 
the Constitution and to preserve the Union with all the dignity, 
equality, and rights of the several States unimpaired; that as 
soon as these objects are accomplished, the war ought to cease." 

And whereas, the Senate of.the United States, on the twenty- 
fifth day of July, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, 
adopted a resolution in the words following, to wit: 

*' Resolved, that the present deplorable civil war has been 
forced upon the country by the disunionists of the Southern 
States, now in revolt against the constitutional Government, 
and in arms around the capital; that in this national emergency 
Congress, banishing all feelings of mere passion or resentment, 
will recollect only its duty to the whole country; that this war is 
npt prosecuted on our part in any spirit of oppression nor for any 
purpose of conquest or subjugation, nor purpose of overthrowing 
or interfering with the rights or established institutions of those 
States, but to defend and maintain the supremacy of the Con- 
stitution and all laws made in pursuance thereof, and to preserve 
the Union with all the dignity, equality, and rights of the several 
States unimpaired; that as soon as these objects are accomplished, 
the war ought to cease." 

And whereas, these resolutions, though not joint or con- 
current in form, are substantially identical, and as such may be 
regarded as having expressed the sense of Congress upon the 
subject to which they relate; 

And whereas, by my proclamation of the thirteenth day of 
June last, the insurrection in the State of Tennessee was de- 
clared to have been suppressed, the authority of the United 
States therein to be undisputed, and such United States Officers 
as had been duly commissioned to be in the undisputed exercise 
of their official functions; 

And whereas, there now exists no organized armed resistance 
of misguided citizens or others to the authority of the United 
States in the States of Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia, North 
Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, 
and Florida, and the laws can be sustained and enforced therein 
% the proper civil authority, State or Federal, and the people 



260 Termination of the Kebellion 

of the said States are well and loyally disposed, and have con- 
formed or will conform in their legislation to the condition of 
affairs growing out of the amendment to the Constitution of tho 
United States, prohibiting slavery within the limits and juris- 
diction of the United States; 

And whereas, in view of the before recited premises, it is the 
manifest determination of the American people that no State, 
of its own Avill, has the right or the power to go out of, or sepa- 
rate itself from, or be separated from the American Union, and 
that therefore each State ought to remain and constitute an in- 
tegral part of the United States; 

AxD whereas, the people of the several before-mentioned States 
have, in the manner aforesaid, given satisfactory evidence that 
they acquiesce in this sovereign and important resolution of 
national unity; 

And whereas, it is believed to be a fundamental principle of 
government that people who have revolted, and who have been 
overcome and subdued, must either be dealt with so as to induce 
them voluntarily to become friends, or else they must be held 
by absolute military power or devastated, so as to prevent them 
from ever again doing harm as enemies, which last-named policy 
is abhorrent to humanity and freedom; 

And whereas, the Constitution of the United States provides 
for constituent communities only as States and not as terri- 
tories, dependencies, provinces or protectorates; 

And whereas, such'constituent States must necessarily be and 
by the Constitution and laws of the United States are made 
equals and placed upon a like footing as to political rights, im- 
munities, dignity, and power, with the several States with which 
they are united; 

And whereas, the observance of political equality as a principle 
of right and justice is well calculated to encourage the people of 
the aforesaid States to be and become more and more constant 
and persevering in their renewed allegiance; 

And whereas, standing armies, military occupation, martial 
law, military tribunals, and the suspension of the privilege of 



Officially r.KOCLAiMED. 261 

the writ of habeas corpus are, in time of peace, dangerous to 
public liberty, incompatible with the individual rights of the 
citizen, contrary to the genius and spirit of our free institutions, 
and exhaustive of the national resources, and ought not, there- 
fore, to be sanctioned or allowed, except in cases of actual neces- 
sity, for repelling invasion or suppressing insurrection or rebel- 
lion; 

Akd whereas, the policy of the government of the United 
States, from the beginning of the insurrection to its overthrow 
and final suppression, has been in conformity with the princi- 
ples herein set forth and enumerated; 

Now, therefore, I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United 
States, do hereby proclaim and declare that the insurrection 
which heretofore existed in the States of Georgia, South Caro- 
lina, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana,, 
Arkansas, Mississippi and Florida is at an end, and is henceforth 
to be so regarded. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and 
caused the seal of the United States to be aflBxed. 

Done at the city of Washington, the second day of April, in 
the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and 
[seal.] sixty-six, and of the independence of the United States 
of America the ninetieth. 

(Signed) ANDREW JOHNSON. 

By the President: 

William H. Seward, Secretary of State. 

THE UNIVERSAL AMNESTY PROCLAMATION. 

Whereas, The President of the United States has heretofore 
set forth several proclamations, offered amnesty and pardon to 
persons who had been or were concerned in the late rebellion 
against the lawful authority of the United States, which procla- 
mations were severally issued on the 8th day of December, 1863, 
on the 26th day of March, 1864, on the 29th day of March, 1865, 
on the 7th day of September, 1867, and on the 4th day of July, 
in the present year; and 



262 Universal Amnesty PROCLAitiATiON. 

Whereas, The authority of the Federal Government having 
been re-established in all the States and Territories within the 
jurisdiction of the United States, it is believed that such pru- 
dential reservations and exceptions as, at the dates of said 
several proclamations, were deemed necessary and proper may 
now be wisely and justly relinquished, and that a universal 
amnesty and pardon for participation in said rebellion, extended 
to all who have borne any part therein, will tend to secure per- 
manent peace, order and prosperity throughout the land, and to 
renew and fully restore confidence and fraternal feeling among 
the whole people, and their respect for and attachment to the 
National Government, designed by its patriotic founders for the 
general good. 

Now, therefore, be it known that I, Andrew Johnson, President 
of the United States, by virtue of the power and authority in me 
vested by the Constitution, and in the name of the sovereign 
people of the United States, do hereby proclaim and declare 
unconditionally and without reservation, to all and to every per- 
son who directly or indirectly participated in the late insurrec- 
tion or rebellion a full pardon and amnesty for the offense of 
treason against the United States, or of adhering to their ene- 
mies during the late civil war with restoration of rights, privi- 
leges and immunities under the Constitution and the laws which 
have been made in pursuance thereof. 

In testimony whereof I have signed these presents with my 
hand and have caused the seal of the United States to be here- 
unto affixed. 

Done at the city of Washington, the twenty-fifth day of 

December, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight 
[seal.] hundred and sixty-eight, and of the independence of 

United States of America the ninety-third. 

(Signed) ANDREW JOHNSON. 

By the President: 

F. W. Seward, Acting Secretary of State. 



Population in 1850 and 1860. 



263 



STATEMENT 



of the free population ; the slave population and the total population of 
the several States and Territories in the years 1850 and 1860. 



STATES. 


CENSUS OP 1850. 


CENSUS OP 1860. 


Free. 


Slave. 


Total. 


Free. 


Slave. 


Total. 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

California 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 


428,779 
162,797 
93,597 
370,793 
89,242 
48,135 
523,-503 
851,470 
988,416 
192,214 


342,844 
47,100 

"2'296 
39,310 
381,683 


771,623 

209,897 

92,, 597 

370,792 

91,532 

87,445 

906,185 

851,470 

988,416 

193,314 

""983,405 
517,762 
583,169 
583,034 
994,514 
397,6.54 
6,077 
606,526 
682,044 
317,976 
489,555 

3,097,394 
869,089 

1,980,329 
13,294 

2,311,786 
147,545 
668,507 

1,002,717 
212,592 
314,120 

1,431.661 
305,391 


529,164 
324,323 
380,015 
460,151 
110,420 
78,686 
595,097 

1,711,753 

1,350,479 
674,948 
107,110 
930,223 
376.913 
628.276 
569,846 

1,231,065 
749,112 
162.022 
354,699 

1,058,352 
326,172 
673.031 

3,887,543 
661,586 

2,339,599 
.53,464 

2,906,370 
174,621 
301,271 
834,063 
420,651 
315,116 

1,105,196 
775,873 


435, 132 
111,104 

"*i'798 
61,753 
462,230 


964,296 
435,427 
380,015 
460,1.51 
112,218 
140,439 
1,057,327 
1,711,753 


Indiana 




1,350,479 






674,948 


Kansas 




107,110 


Kentucky 

Louisana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . . 


771,434 
272,953 
583,169 
493,666 
994,514 
397,654 
6,077 
296,648 
594,623 
317,976 
489,319 

3,097,394 
580,491 

1,980,329 
13,294 

2,311,786 
147,545 
283,523 
762,258 
454,431 
314,120 
949,133 
305,391 


210,981 

244,809 

" 90,368 


235,490 
332,520 

■■ "87,188 


1,155,713 
709,433 
628,276 
687,034 

1,231,065 


Michigan 




749,112 


Minnesota 


"369; 878 
87,422 

236 

■ ■288;548 




163,022 


Mississippi .. .. 
Missouri . 


436,696 
114,965 

■331; 081 


791,395 
1,173,317 


New Hampshire. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina.. 
Ohio 


326,172 
673,031 

3,887,542 
993,667 

2,339,599 


Oregon 

Pennsylvania ... 




,52,464 






2,906,370 


"402; 541 

275,784 
180,388 


174,621 


South Carolina . 

Ter)nessee 

Texas 


384,984 

239,459 

58,161 


703,812 

1,109,847 

601,039 




315,116 


Virginia 


472,528 


490,887 


1,596,083 


Wisconsin 


775,873 




19,866,663 


3,200,600 


23,067,262 


27,185,109 


3,949,557 


31,134,666 


TERRITORIES. 


'ei "547 
11,354 

■■■■48;6o6 


26 




34,197 
4,839 
28,833 
6,857 
93,517 
40,266 
11,578 
71,895 




34,197 






io 


4,839 


N^phracilc a 




28,842 






6,8.57 


New Mexico 

Utah 


61,547 
11,380 

"'"5i;687 


24 
29 

■ 3.'i8i 


93,541 
40,295 


Washington 

Dist. of Columbia 


11,578 


3,687 


75,076 


Total 


19,987,-563 


3,204,313 


23,191,876 


27,477,090 


3,952,801 


31,429,891 



264: 



Presidential Election of 1860. 



The Popular Vote for President in 1860. 





Presidential Vote of 1860. 


STATES. 


Lincoln. 


Douglas. 


Breckeuridge 


Bell. 


Alabama 




13.651 

5,227 

38,516 

15,552 

1,023 

367 

11,590 

160,215 

115,509 

55,111 


48,831 
28,732 
34,334 
14,641 

7,337 

8,543 
51,889 

2,404 
12,295 

1,048 

" " 53', 143 

22,681 

6,368 

42,482 

5,939 

805 

748 

40,797 

31,317 

2,112 

"48,539 

11,405 

5,006 

178,871 

64,709 

47,548 

218 

74,323 

888 


27,875 






20,094 


California 

Connecticut 

Delaware 


39,173 
43,792 

3,815 


6,817 

*3,291 

3,864 


Florida 


5,437 


Georgia 




42,886 


Illinois 


172,161 

139,033 

70,409 


4,913 


Indiana 


5,306 


Iowa 


1,763 


K^ansas 




Kentucky 


1,364 

""62,811 

2,294 
106,533 

88,480 
22,069 


25,651 

7,625 
26,693 

5,966 
84,372 
65,057 
11,920 

3,283 

58,801 

25,881 

*62,801 

*303,329 

2,701 
187,232 

3,951 
16,765 
*7,707 


66,058 


Louisiana 

Maine . 


20,204 
2,046 


Maryland 


41,760 


Massachusetts 

Michisran 


22,331 
405 


Minnesota 


62 


Mississippi 


25,040 


Missouri . ... 


17,028 

37,519 

58,324 

353,804 

231,610 

5,270 

268,030 

12,244 


58,372 


New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New York 


441 


North Carolina 

Ohio 


44,990 
12,194 


Orearon ,. 


183 


Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 


12,776 


Tennessee 


11,350 


69,274 


Texas 




*15,438 


Vermont . . 


33,808 

1,929 

86,110 


6,849 
16,290 
65,021 


1,969 


Virginia 


74,681 


Wisconsin 


161 








1,857,610 


1,365,976 


847,953 


590,631 



* Fusion. 



National Debt in 1865. 



265 



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National Debt in 1865. 



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Enlistments for the Union Army. 



267 



Soldiers furnished to the Union Army from April 15, 1861, to the close 

of the war. 



STATES. 



Maine 

New Hampshire , 

Vermont 

Massachusetts . . 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania. 

Delaware 

Maryland 

West Virgrinia 

District of Columbia 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

Kentucky 

Kansas 

Tennessee 

Arkansas 

North Carolina 

California 

Nevada , 

Oregon , 

Washington Territory 

Nebraska Territory 

Colorado Territory , 

Dakota Territory , 

New Mexico Territory 

Alabama 

Florida 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

Texas 

J ndian Nation 

Colored Troops" 



Total 

Paid by United States 

Total bounty money . . 



Enlistments. 



72,114 

34,629 
35,263 

152,048 
23,699 
57,379 

484,260 
81,010 

366,107 
13,670 
50,316 



Commutation 



3,156 
15,725 
3,080 
1,810 

964 
3,157 
4,903 

206 
6,561 
2,576 
1,290 
5,224 

545 

1,965 

3,530 

93,441 



2,867,345 



$610,200 

208,500 

593, 4U0 

1,610,400 

141,300 

455,500 

5,485,733 

1,265,700 

8,634,300 

416,100 

1.131,900 



16,872 


96,900 


319,659 


1,978,087 


197,147 
259,147 


235,500 
15,900 


89,372 


614,709 


96.424 


1,533,600 


25,052 


316,800 


76,309 


22,500 


109,111 




79,025 


997,530 


20,151 




31,092 





$26,366,616 



Bounty. 



$7,837,643 

9,636,313 

4,528,714 

22,965.550 

820,768 

6,887,564 

86,629,227 

23,868,966 

43,155,986 

1,136,599 

6,271,993 

861,737 

134,010 

23,557,373 

9,182,354 

17,296,205 

9,664,855 

5,855,356 

2,000,464 

1,615,171 

1,282,148 

692,577 

57,407 



$284,805,400 
300,223,500 

$585,028,900 



When the war closed there were in the field, on the 30th day of April, 1865 1 000 516 
men actually in service, and an enrollment of 2,245,063 men subject to draft' This 
would make the total fighting force of the free States, between the ages of eighteen 
and forty-five and in good physical health, and not including foreigners not natural- 

CASUALTIES. 



Deaths from wounds 96,089 

Deaths from disease 184,331 

Desertions 199,045 

Honorably discharged 174,577 

Discharged for disability 224.300 I 



Dishonorably discharged 5,390 

Resignations gg 281 

Missing, etc .*."."' 7^062 

Total 914^081 



* Colored troops organized at various stations in the States 5n rebellion • embrac- 
ing all not specifically credited to States, and which cannot be so assigned! 



268 



Fluctuations in the Price of Gold. 



HIGHEST AND LOWEST PRICES OF GOLD IN NEW YORK, 

1862-1878. 

[Compiled from the Commercial and Financial Chronicle.] 



Month. 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

Augrust 

September... 

Octuber 

November 

December 

Year ... . 



1862. 



H. 

mPA 

104% 

102^ 

1023^ 

104% 

109>^ 

120% 

116X 

124 

133X 

1333i 

134 



134 



101% 

102% 

101% 

101% 

102% 

103% 

108% 

112% 

116% 

122 

129 

128% 



1863. 



160M 

1T2% 

171% 

157% 

154% 

148% 

145 

129% 

143% 

153% 

154 

152% 



mVs my^ 



133% 

152% 

139 

145% 

143% 

140% 

123% 

122% 

126% 

140% 

143 

148% 



122^ 



1864. 



n. 

159% 

161 

169% 

184% 

190 

250 

285 

261% 

254% 

227% 

260 

243 



L. 
151% 

157% 

159 

166% 

168 

193 

22'' 

231% 

191 

189 

210 

212% 



1865. 



H. 

234% 

216% 

201 

154% 

145%' 

147% 

146% 

145% 

145 

149 

148% 

148% 



L,. 

197% 
196%^ 
148% 
143% 
128% 
135% 
138% 
140% 
142% 
144% 
145% 
144% 



285 151% 234% 128% 



1866. 



144% 
140% 
136% 
129% 
141% 
167% 
155% 
152% 
147% 
154% 
148% 
141% 



136% 
135% 

]!i4% 
125% 
125% 



1867. 



H 

137% 
140% 
140% 
141% 
138% 



137% 138% 
147 140% 



146% 
143% 
145% 
137% 
131% 



142% 
146% 
145% 
141% 

137% 



132% 

135% 

135% 

132% 

135 

136% 

138 

139% 

141 

140% 

138% 

133 



167% 1253^ 146% 132^ 



Month. 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September.. 

October 

November.. . 
December... 

Year 



1868. 



H. 

142% 

144 

141% 

140% 
140% 
141% 
145% 
150 

140% 

137 

136% 



L. 

133% 
139% 
137% 
137% 
1391^ 
139% 
1431/^ 
143% 

mvs 

133% 

132 

134% 



150 132 



1869. 



H. 

136% 

136% 

132% 

134% 

144% 

139% 

137% 

136% 

162% 

132 

128% 

124 



134% 
130% 
130% 
131% 
134% 
136% 
134% 
131% 
129% 
128% 
121% 
119% 



1621^ 1191^ 



1870. 



123^ 

131% 

116% 

115% 

115% 

114% 

122% 

122 

116% 

113% 

113% 

111% 



119% 
115% 
110% 
111% 

113% 
110% 

1113^ 

114% 
112% 
111% 
110 

110% 



123^ 110 



1871. 



H. 

111% 

112% 

111% 

111% 

112% 

113^ 

113% 

1133^ 

115% 

115 

112% 

110% 



110% 
110% 
1101^ 
1101^ 

111 

111; 

111% 

111% 

112% 

111^ 

110% 



1872. 



H. 

1103^ 

111 

110% 
113% 

,114% 

:ii4% 

115% 
115% 
115% 
115% 
114% 
113% 



115% 108%' 



1873. 



L. H. 

108% 114% 
109% 1 115^ 
109% 118U 
109% 1191^ 
1121^118% 



113 
113% 
U2ys 
112% 

112% 
111% 
111% 



118% 
116% 
116% 
n6}4 
111% 
110% 
112% 



L. 

111% 

112% 

114% 

116% 

1161^ 

115 

115 

114% 

110% 

107% 

1063^ 

108% 



115% 1083^ 119% 106% 



Month. 


1874. 


18 


75. 


1876. 


18 


77. 


1878. 


JaTiuary *. 


112% 
113 

113% 
114% 
113% 
112% 
110% 
110% 
110% 
110>^ 
112,'^ 
112% 


L. 

110% 
111% 
111% 
111% 

111% 

1103^ 

109 

109J^ 

109% 

109% 

110 


113% 

115% 

117 

1153^ 

116% 

1173^ 

117% 

114% 

117% 

117% 

116% 


L. 

111% 

113% 

114% 

114 

115 

116% 

111% 

112% 

113% 

1143^ 

114% 
112% 


H. 

113% 

114% 

115 

113% 

113% 

113 

112% 

112% 

110% 

113% 

110% 

lei9 


L. 
112% 
112% 
113% 
1123^ 
112% 
111% 
111% 
109% 
109% 
108% 
108% 
107 


H. 

107% 

106% 

105% 

107% 

107% 

106% 

106% 

105% 

104 

103% 

103% 

103.^8^ 


10.5% 
104% 
104% 
104% 
106% 
104% 
105% 
103% 
102% 

IO23I 
1023^ 


102% ioi% 

102% 101% 


March 


102 100% 


April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 


101% 100% 
101% 100% 
101 100% 
100% 100% 

100% 1003^ 

100% 100% 
100% 100% 
1003^ 100% 


December 


110% 


115% 


1003^ 100 


Year 


114% 


109 


117% 


111% 


115 


107 


107% 


1023^ 


102% 100 



Yalue of Confederate JS'otes. 



26^ 



PRICE OF GOLD FOR CONFEDERATE NOTES FROM JAN- 
UARY 1, 1861, TO MAY 12, 1865, INCLUSIVE. 



1861. 

January 1 to May 1 5 pr. 

May 1 to October 1 10 pr. 

October 1 to October 15 . . . 12 pr. 

October 15 to November 15 15 pr. 

December 1 20 pr. 

December 15 30 pr. 

1862. 

January 1 20 pr. 

January 25 20 pr. 

February 1 25 pr. 

February 15 40 pr. 

March 1 50 pr. 

March 15 65 pr. 

April 1 75 pr. 

April 15 80 pr. 

Mayl 90 pr- 

May 15 96 pr. 

June 1 95 pr. 

June 15 S3 00 for 1 

Julyl 200forl 

July 15 200forl 

August 1 2 20 fori 

August 15 2 20 for 1 

September 1 2 50 for j 

September 15 2 50 for 1 

October 1 2 50 for 1 

October 15 2 50 for 1 

Nov. 1 to Feb. 1, 1863 3 00 for 1 

1863. 

February 1 to March 3 10 for 1 

March 1 3 85 for 1 

March 15 to May 15 2 00 for 1 

May 15 6 00 for 1 

June 1 6 50 for 1 

June 15 7 50 for 1 

Julyl 8 00 fori 

July 15 lOOOforl 

August 1 10 00 for 1 

AugustlS , 15 00forl 

September 1 14 00 for 1 

September 23 14 00 for 1 

October 1 13 00 for 1 

October 15 . . 12 50 for 1 

November 1 13 00 for 1 



November 15 . . . $15 50 for 1 

December 1 20 00 for 1 

December 15 21 00 for 1 

1864. 

Januaryl 21 00 for i 

January 15 20 00 for 1 

February 1 20 00 for I 

February 15 21 00 for 1 

March 1 26 00 for 1 

Marchl5 20 00 for 1 

April 1 19 00 for 1 

AprillS 2100forl 

Mayl 20 00 fori 

May 15 18 OOforl 

July 1 to July 15 18 00 for 1 

July 15 to August 15 20 00 for 1 

August 15 20 50 fori 

Septemberl 20 50 for 1 

September 15 22 50 for 1 

Octoberl 27 00 for 1 

October 15 25 00 for 1 

November 1 26 50 for 1 

November 15 28 00 for 1 

December 1 32 00 fori 

December 15 25 00 fori 

December 31 51 00 for 1 

1865. 

January 1 60 00 for 1 

January 15 65 00 for 1 

February 1 50 00 for 1 

February 15 46 OOforl 

March 1 55 OOforl 

March 15 58 00 fori 

Aprill 70 OOforl 

Aprill5 80 OOforl 

April20 100 OOforl 

April26 200 OOforl 

April27 300 OOforl 

April 28 500 00 fori 

April29 SOOOOforl 

April 30 1,000 OOforl 

Mayl 1.200 OOforl 

Which was the last actual sale of Con- 
federate notes. 



270 



Yalue OB' Confederate Notes. 



Value of Confederate Currency Legally Established. 

Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of North Carolina, That the 
following scale of depreciation be and the same is hereby adopted and established 
as the measure of value of one gold dollar in Confederate currency, for each month 
(and the fractional parts of the month of December, 1864), from the 1st day of No- 
vember, 1861, to the 1st day of May, 1865, to-wit. 



MONTHS. 


1861. 


1862. 


1863. 


1864. 


1865. 


January — 

February 

March 





$120 
130 
150 
1 50 
150 
150 
1 50 

1 50 
200 

2 00 
2 50 
250 


•13 00 

3 00 

4 00 
500 

5 50 

6 50 
9 00 

14 00 
14 00 

14 00 

15 00 
20 00 


$21 00 
21 00 
23 00 

20 00 
19 00 
18 00 

21 00 
23 00 

25 00 

26 00 
30 00 

'■■3506 
42 00 
49 00 


$50 00 

50 00 
60 00 


April 

May 





100 00 








July 






August 

Spntpmhfir 













November . ....... 


$1 10 
1 15 




December . . . 




December 1st to 10th, inclusive .... 
December llth to 20th, Inclusive. .. 
December 21st to 31st, inclusive ... 





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